Core Tip: This article shares the practical techniques for keeping mold and mildew from pig feed for farmers to learn. See below for details.
Damp heat is easy to cause Aspergillus flavus
In the south of the summer, the weather is hot and humid. For the feed production enterprises in the south, the prevention and control of the damage to the feed of Aspergillus flavus has once again become the focus of work in the year. It is understood that the optimum growth temperature of Aspergillus flavus is 25 ° C - 30 ° C, and the optimum relative humidity is 80% - 90%.
When the moisture content of corn, wheat, rice and other cereal feed ingredients is 17%-18%, the optimum Aspergillus flavus grows and multiplies. After the smashing of the cereals, if the moisture content is too high, it is more suitable for the growth of Aspergillus flavus. Therefore, the water content of the feed ingredients should be controlled below the mildew water content.
In addition, feed is also susceptible to contamination by Aspergillus flavus in warehouses and production pipelines. If the feed ingredients are stored for a long time or the warehouse is wet or leaky, too much inventory is not paid attention to ventilation, drying, cleaning, especially the already crushed materials. Because the particles are small, it is easy to absorb the surrounding water, it is likely to be Aspergillus flavus. Growing and breeding to create the right temperature and humidity. In the production of pellet feed, attention should be paid to the choice of cooling and supporting fan. Otherwise, the cooling time of pellet feed is not enough or the air volume is insufficient. The moisture and temperature of the feed are too high, which leads to the growth of Aspergillus flavus. Regularly clean up the particulate material to enhance the mold deposits formed in the hopper or pipe.
Aflatoxin is resistant to high temperature and is difficult to be destroyed during the processing of compound feed. When contaminated raw materials are used, the mixed feed is contaminated, which may cause poisoning of humans and animals. The difuran ring structure in the aflatoxin molecule is an important structure for the production of toxins. Studies have shown that the toxic effect of aflatoxin is to interfere with the synthesis of cellular proteins, causing systemic damage to animals.
Aflatoxin is a highly toxic substance, and the median lethal dose of aflatoxin B1 is only 0.36 mg/kg body weight, which is 10 times larger than potassium cyanide. Aflatoxin is the strongest carcinogen found at present, and its carcinogenicity is 900 times that of cream yellow. Its ability to induce liver cancer is 75 times greater than that of dimethylnitrosamine.
There is a method for detoxification of raw materials.
The slightly contaminated feed ingredients can be detoxified to meet the hygiene standards. The main detoxification methods for Aspergillus flavus are the removal method and the inactivation method. The removal method mainly adopts the selection of mold particles, processing and detoxification, water washing, soaking, and adsorption by an adsorbent such as activated carbon, bentonite, zeolite, diatomaceous earth or mannooligosaccharide. The aflatoxin in the detoxified diet does not exceed 50 mg per kilogram as a pig feed.
There are three commonly used inactivation methods. First, heat treatment: Aflatoxin, although stable to heat, can partially decompose at high temperatures. The second is the alkali refining method: the principle is to destroy the lactone ring of aflatoxin to make it lose its toxicity. Peanut and corn can be used in this method. The third is lime solution and salt detoxification method: first soak the corn contaminated with Aspergillus flavus with lime milk water, soda ash or grass ash water for 2 hours to 3 hours, then rinse with water to neutral, dry for two hours, go The toxic effect can reach 60%-90%.
To prevent and control the feed of Aspergillus flavus, we must first strengthen the procurement management of raw materials. Raw material procurement is the first level of quality of feed enterprises, so procurement management is crucial. Purchasing personnel should purchase raw materials in strict accordance with international standards and corporate standards. For raw materials that have been contaminated by aflatoxin or may be contaminated, they cannot be purchased. Do not purchase unqualified raw materials at low prices. Purchasing personnel should strictly check the nutrient index and moisture content of raw materials, especially the moisture content of raw materials. Corn is the main raw material of feed, and the moisture content of corn directly affects the moisture content of the finished material. In the rainy season in the southern region, the moisture content of general raw materials should be less than 12.5%, and the moisture content of corn, sorghum and rice should be controlled below 14%.
In addition, it is necessary to strengthen the storage and storage of feed ingredients. If the warehouse leaks, is dark, damp, and the mice are infested, it is easy to promote the growth of Aspergillus flavus, thus affecting the quality of the product. In the storage of raw materials, we must pay attention to the control of air, humidity, temperature, etc., in strict accordance with the "first in, first out" principle of use, we must promptly clean up contaminated raw materials. The factory can store raw materials by controlling the temperature of the storage environment, closed oxygen storage, controlled atmosphere storage, low temperature ventilation storage and radiation. For example, the threshed wet corn is placed in a sack of a lined plastic bag, and filling and tightening the bag mouth can inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus, and an antifungal agent can also be added.
Feed anti-mildew method
Prevention and control of Aspergillus flavus in the feed production process must first pay attention to the moisture content. China has a clear regulation on the moisture content of feed products: the moisture content of pig and chicken compound feed is not higher than 14% in the north and not higher than 12.5% ​​in the south; the moisture content of pig and chicken concentrated feed is not higher in the north. 12%, no more than 10% in the South. Pig e-net users suggest that in feed production, it is necessary to control the steam quality and the length of the steam pipe to prevent the condensate from entering the conditioner. The steam pressure should generally be controlled at 0.35MPa-0.4MPa and the moisture control at 15%- 16% is better. In addition, attention should be paid to the quenching and tempering time of the feed. The pellet feed should generally be controlled for 10 minutes to 30 minutes. The moisture content of the feed should be strictly checked before bagging.
Feed production should also pay attention to control the temperature of steam, at 80 ° C (± 2 ° C) is appropriate, while paying attention to cooling time and ventilation and speculation of the temperature of the pellet after cooling, to prevent the material temperature and room temperature from being too large. The material temperature should be 3-5 °C high.
The warehouse where the feed is stored should be ventilated, cool, dry and clean. There is no mold, and the stack should be standardized. It should be kept at a certain distance from the window and wall. If the storage time is long, it should be ventilated regularly. Store feeds with good use of anti-fungal agents. Now use propionate anti-fungal agent, the specific method is: the moisture content of the sealed package of 12.5%-13.5% of the pellets stored for more than 1 month, should add 0.3% calcium propionate; moisture in the 11.55%-12.5% If the powder is stored for more than 2 months, add 0.15% calcium propionate. In the southern region, due to more rain in summer, it is best to add 0.2%-0.4% calcium propionate or sodium propionate. In addition to propionic acid and its salts, sorbic acid and its salts, benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, formic acid and sodium formate, calcium formate can also be used. At present, a composite antifungal agent is frequently used internationally.
When loading and transporting the feed, make sure that there is no water or moisture in the car. It is best to cover the rainproof equipment such as canvas when transporting, one can prevent rain, and the other can prevent sun exposure. When unloading, you should pay attention to the top layer of feed or the wet or broken bag placed in the last pile, so that it can be used early.
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