A working ship must be equipped with a variety of equipment. Through the application of these equipments, the ship's navigation, berthing, loading and unloading of goods and other production operations are completed, and the safety of ships and personnel is ensured. The main equipment of the ship includes power equipment, handling equipment, loading and unloading equipment and safety equipment.
Ship power equipment
The ship must be equipped with a complete set of power units and auxiliary equipment that meet the requirements of the specification before it can sail on the water. These power units include ship main power units, auxiliary power units, steam boilers, refrigeration and air conditioning units, compressed air units, marine pumps and piping systems, water generators and automation systems. This electromechanical power plant is mainly concentrated in the engine room, and the technical department that manages these equipments exclusively is the engine department.
1. Main power unit The main power unit of the ship, also known as the “hostâ€, is the heart of the ship and is the most important part of the ship's power equipment, including:
(1) A common name for engines that can generate ship propulsion power, including various pumps and heat exchangers, piping systems, etc. that serve the main engine. At present, the main engine of the merchant ship is a marine diesel engine, followed by a steam turbine.
(2) The transmission device transmits the power of the main engine to the propeller device. In addition to transmitting power, it can also be used for deceleration and shock absorption. The boat can also use the transmission equipment to change the direction of rotation of the propeller. The transmission equipment differs slightly depending on the type of main unit. It is generally composed of a reducer, a clutch, a coupling, a coupling, a thrust bearing and a ship shaft.
(3) Shafting and propellers The propellers are the most widely used propellers, most of which use fixed-pitch or adjustable-pitch propellers; the ship's shafting is the device that transmits the power from the main engine to the propeller. The main engine of the ship drives the propeller to rotate by the transmission and the shaft system to generate thrust, and overcome the hull resistance to make the ship advance or retreat.
2. Auxiliary power unit The ship auxiliary power unit, also known as “auxiliary machineâ€, refers to the generator on board, which provides power for the ship in normal conditions and emergency situations. The ship power station is composed of an electromechanical device such as an engine unit and a switchboard.
(1) The motive power of the generator set is mainly provided by the diesel engine. Based on the consideration of the safety and reliability of the ship and the simple maintenance and management, the large-scale ship is equipped with not less than two diesel generators of the same type, and multiple units can generate electricity at the same time as needed.
In order to save energy, some ships can use the drive shaft of the main engine to drive the generator to generate electricity (shaft generator) or use the waste heat of the main exhaust gas to generate low-pressure steam to promote the turbine generator set.
(2) Switchboard It distributes, controls, transports, transforms and transforms electricity to ensure the needs of all electric power dragging equipment and life, lighting, signal and communication.
3. Steam boilers are required to be equipped with a steam boiler, which is composed of auxiliary fuel oil boilers and exhaust gas boilers, as well as piping systems and equipment for supporting them. The auxiliary fuel boiler is needed to supply some auxiliary steam on the ship, such as heating fuel and oil, heating, domestic water, kitchen, boiling water, etc., and meeting the needs of some auxiliary steam. In order to save energy, the exhaust gas boiler in the navigation uses the waste heat in the diesel exhaust to generate steam, and only uses the auxiliary fuel boiler when parking.
4. Refrigeration and air conditioning units Ships equipped with refrigeration equipment are refrigerated goods, refrigerated a certain amount of food, and improve the living conditions of crew and passengers. The task of the air conditioning unit is to maintain a climatic condition in the cabin that is suitable for people's work and life. It includes summer cooling, dehumidification, winter heating, humidification, and ventilation throughout the year. Its main equipments include refrigeration compressors, evaporators, condensers, air conditioners and their automation control components.
5. Compressed air device Generally, there are multiple air compressors and multiple compressed air bottles on the ship to supply and store the compressed air required by the whole ship, such as starting the main and auxiliary diesel engines with compressed air; the main engine is reversing; The air supply is provided by equipment such as deck pneumatic machinery. Its main equipments include air compressors, gas cylinders, piping systems, safety and control components.
6. Marine Pumps and Piping Systems In order to pump liquids such as seawater, fresh water, fuel oil, and lubricating oil, a certain number and type of pumps are required. Generally, the main oil pump and water pump such as bilge pump, fuel oil and oil transfer pump, boiler feed water pump, cooling water pump, ballast water pump and sanitary water pump must be installed in the engine room. Connected to the pump, the pipeline is provided for various purposes, and can be divided into:
(1) The management system of the power system-based and auxiliary machinery safety and continuous operation services. There are fuel, lubricating oil, fresh water, steam, compressed air and other piping systems.
(2) The ship system is the management system for ship navigation, ship safety and personnel life. Such as ballast, bilge water, fire, sanitation, ventilation (air conditioning) and domestic water.
7. Water-making device The water-making device, also known as the water-making device, is a device that heats seawater under vacuum to generate steam, and then condenses the steam into fresh water.
8. Automation system With the advancement of science and technology and the wide application in the ship, the cabin control system is more and more advanced, and the remote control and centralized control of the marine power plant greatly improves the working conditions of the crew and improves the working efficiency. Reduced maintenance and repair work. The automatic system consisting of remote control, automatic adjustment, monitoring, alarm and other equipment for the main and auxiliary machinery and other mechanical equipment of the engine room is an indispensable part of modern ships.
Ship handling equipment <br> Ship handling equipment, including anchoring equipment, rudder equipment and mooring equipment, plays an important role in navigation, port manipulation or mooring, and is an essential part of the ship.
1. Anchor equipment Ships must be anchored in a certain water area, must be anchored, use the anchor to grasp the strength of the bottom sediment, and the weight of the anchor and chain to overcome the external forces such as wind and water flow to make the ship drift; the anchor equipment can also assist the ship. The operation, such as the U-turn in the narrow waterway, the docking, and the detachment from the pontoon; after the ship has a stranding accident, the anchor can be used to stabilize the position of the ship, or the anchor can be used to pull the ship out of the shoal.
The anchoring device is mainly composed of an anchor, an anchor chain, an anchor chain cylinder, a chain-making device, a chain anchor, an anchor chain pipe, an anchor chain cabin and a chain eliminator.
(1) anchor
An anchor is a steel structure that can be caught in the seabed. When anchoring, the gripping force of the anchor and the gripping force of the undercover anchor chain constitute the anchoring force to resist the force of the wind, the flow and the like on the ship. There are many types of anchors, such as the pole anchor, the pole anchor and the high grip force of the permanent wind. anchor.
The rodless anchor, also known as the mountain anchor and the Huo Le anchor, is a rodless anchor commonly used on merchant ships. The mountain anchor can accept the anchor into the anchor chain, so it is better to be the first anchor. The holding force is 2~4 times of the anchor weight. The anchor weight and size of each ship are different. For example, a certain wheel DW=100,000 tons, and its anchor weight is 12.7t.
(2) Anchor chain (anchorchain)
The anchor chain is the connecting anchor and the hull chain, which is mainly used to transmit the anchoring force of the anchor to offset the effect of the external force on the ship to ensure that the ship can be safely parked in the designated waters. The anchor chain is composed of a common link, a connecting link, a connecting shackle, a rotating ring, etc., and is classified into two types according to the structure of the chain. The tensile strength of the chain is large, and the anchor ring with the chain link is generally used on the ship; the cast steel anchor chain, the electric welding anchor chain and the forged anchor chain are divided according to the manufacturing method. The quality of the electric welding anchor chain exceeds that of other kinds of anchor chains, and the cost is also low, and has been widely used.
The size of the anchor chain is expressed by the diameter d of the ordinary link. The diameter of a common link is a measure of the strength of the anchor chain. The length of the chain is in units of knots, and the entire chain of anchors is connected by several chain links, and each of the left and right anchor chains is 10 knots. China's norms stipulate that the standard anchor chain length is 27.5m per section. In some imperial units, 15th (fathom) is also used as a chain length, and the contract is 27m. A detachable link is used between the joints and the joints are connected by a connection shackle.
In order to quickly and accurately grasp the length of the anchoring or anchoring of the anchor chain when anchoring, an obvious mark must be made on each anchor chain. The method is as follows: the first chain link of the chain link between the first link and the second section is wound with a wire and coated with white paint, and the link is connected. Paint red lacquer to indicate the first section; before the link between the 2nd and 3rd sections is not (or shackle), the second chain link is wound with a wire and coated with a wire White lacquer, the connecting link is still painted red to indicate section 2; the remainder is pushed between section 5 and section 6. Beginning at the beginning of the sixth section, repeat the marking in the same way as in the first section. The last 1-2 knots can be painted with red or yellow lacquer and other eye-catching markings. All the anchor chains will be thrown out of danger warning; also coated on the anchor chain links. White paint, as the anchor, understand the anchor will be out of the water and the anchor will enter the anchor chain mark, in order to slow down the anchoring speed, to avoid crashing the hull or anchor chain.
(3) Windlass
The anchoring machine is a mechanical device for anchoring, anchoring, and twisting the cable. The sprocket shaft of the windlass is horizontally arranged as a horizontal anchoring machine, which is a windlass used by general merchant ships; the vertically arranged vertical anchoring machine is mostly used for warships. According to different power, it is divided into electric anchoring machine, hydraulic anchoring machine and steam anchoring machine, and the structure is roughly the same. Electric anchoring machines are widely used in internal combustion engines. Steam anchoring machines are currently used less frequently, and oil tankers are also used for fire and explosion protection.
The anchoring machine can throw and lift the left and right anchors at the same time or separately; the double anchor can be twisted at the same time from the water depth of not less than 45m; the clutch can be operated by one person; there is a reliable brake device; when the brake belt is used for anchoring, the two anchors can be separately or simultaneously Throw it and it can be stopped at any time.
The anchoring machine/mooring winch can be divided into different according to the use:
Ship positioning anchor winch tow winch engineering ship special winch fishing boat winch vertical or horizontal electric and hydraulic winch winch can be configured according to user requirements:
Electric, hydraulic or diesel engine drive remote control device constant tension device or automatic retractable system automatic cable arranging device
(3) Other ancillary equipment includes chain cutters, anchor chain cylinders, anchor chain pipes, chain lockers and abandon chain devices.
The 1 chain-making device is arranged between the anchoring machine and the anchor chain cylinder to clamp the anchor chain, and protects the anchoring machine by external force when anchoring. When sailing, use it to tighten the anchor and bear the weight of the anchor and keep the chain from hitting the deck.
2 The anchor chain is on both sides of the bow, passing through the deck and the outer shell plate. It consists of three parts: the deck chain hole and the cylinder body. It is the hole head of the anchor chain entering and leaving the hull and collecting the anchor rod. A water spray hole for flushing the anchor chain is arranged in the anchor chain tube, and the water is drained from the deck water pipe to flush the anchor chain when the anchor is anchored. In order to prevent seawater from rushing from the anchor chain to the deck and ensuring the safety of personnel, a wave protection cover is provided at the chain hole of the deck.
3 Anchor chain pipe is the pipe of the anchor chain entering and leaving the chain locker. It is installed directly under the left and right sprocket of the windlass, facing the center of the chain locker, and its diameter is 7~8 times of the chain diameter. The deck pipe of the anchor pipe is equipped with a waterproof cover and should be closed after sailing to prevent seawater from entering the chain locker.
4 The chain locker is the compartment for storing the anchor chain. It is located in front of the bow collision bulkhead and below the anchoring machine. Its shape is 30 times the diameter of the circular chain locker, which eliminates the need for manual chaining. The left and right chain lockers are separated, and manholes and wall ladders are provided on the longitudinal bulkheads in the middle for personnel to enter and exit the chain compartment. The bilge is covered with wooden boards and bilge steel panels, and there is a drainage system to drain the water.
5 Abandon chain is a special device that can quickly remove the end chain from the hull when the anchor must be abandoned in an emergency.
2. Rudder equipment The rudder equipment is the main equipment for maneuvering the ship and is used to ensure that the course can be maintained and changed during navigation. It is mainly composed of rudder device, steering gear, steering gear and steering gear. They are placed in the bridge, the rudder room and the lower part of the stern, as shown in Figure 1-31. The rudder is operated by the helmsman turning the steering wheel or pulling the steering handle to activate the hydraulic or electric steering gear to control the steering gear, causing the rudder to rotate forward, reverse or stop.
(1) The rudder device rudder and its supporting components are collectively referred to as the rudder device. The rudder is a plate-like or streamlined, slab-like structure that is rotatable on the longitudinal section of the ship's tail and is vertically immersed in water. When the ship is moving, when the rudder is turned over a rudder angle, the water pressure is generated on the rudder surface due to the relative movement of the propeller's discharge water and the rudder. This water, the pressure is perpendicular to the component of the longitudinal section of the ship, is the composition. The moment that causes the ship to rotate around the center of gravity of the ship. When the ship is moving forward, the left rudder angle turns the ship to the left and the right rudder angle turns the ship to the right. This torque increases in a certain range with the increase of the rudder angle. Usually, the rudder angle of the full rudder is 350. The water pressure on the rudder is related to the rudder angle and the relative speed of the water flow, and also the area of ​​the rudder. Just proportional.
There are many types of rudders. According to the shape of the rudder, they can be divided into flat rudders and streamlined rudders. According to the position of the rudder axis, they are divided into unbalanced rudders, balanced rudders and semi-balanced rudders.
The cross-sectional shape of the rudder blade of the flat plate is a flat plate shape, and the rudder resistance is large, and is mainly used for a boat. The streamlined rudder blade profile is a streamlined composite rudder. The rudder is made hollow and watertight. On the one hand, the weight of the rudder can be reduced, and on the other hand, the pressure on the rudder bearing can be reduced; the resistance is small, the strength is high, and the rudder is good. Improve the stability of the rudder. Although the structure is more complicated, it is widely used.
(2) As the speed of the ship and the registered tonnage continue to increase, the steering torque acting on the rudder stock is also greatly increased. Therefore, the steering gear must be powered by the steering gear. The steering gear is a machine used to generate the steering torque surface to deflect the rudder. At present, the electric steering gear and the hydraulic steering gear are used on the ship. The electric rudder is composed of a motor, a worm wheel, a worm, a rudder fan, a tiller, etc. It has a simple structure, convenient operation and reliable work, and is suitable for small and medium-sized ships. Hydraulic steering gear is divided into plunger hydraulic steering gear and rotary vane hydraulic steering gear. It is mainly composed of electric motor, oil pump, pipeline and other machinery. It has small volume, light weight, large torque, small transmission translation noise and easy management. The advantage is the steering gear used in large ships.
(3) The steering gear of the steering gear should be deflected by the rudder blade of the rudder. The rudder device must also be used to assist the rudder device in transmitting torque between the steering gear and the rudder blade. At present, there are two types of tiller type rudder devices and rudder fan type rudder devices.
(4) Steering device This device is a general term for a complete set of devices that transmit the steering command of the bridge to the steering gear and make the steering gear work as required. There are two transmission modes, one is electric drive and the other is hydraulic drive. The hydraulic steering device is driven by the principle that the liquid cannot be compressed and its flow direction and flow can be artificially controlled. The device is cumbersome to handle, and the reaction is slow, and has been gradually eliminated. The electric steering device is driven by electric signals, and has the advantages of convenient operation and high sensitivity. At present, each device adopts this device, which is convenient for the ship to realize steering automation.
Ships with electric steering gears have two independent steering systems. When one set of rudder systems fails, another set of steering systems can be converted immediately. These two systems are called the follow-up steering system (main steering gear) and the handle steering system (auxiliary steering gear). In addition, the ship also needs to be equipped with emergency steering gear. When all the steering gear system fails, the steering gear and the steering gear room communication mode are used to steer the emergency steering device in the steering gear room.
The automatic steering control device, referred to as autopilot, is a fully automatic control steering method developed on the basis of the following steering. It controls the operating system based on the gyrocompass's heading signal and the specified heading, automatically keeping the ship in the specified heading. Since the autopilot has high sensitivity and accuracy, it replaces the manual steering and relatively increases the speed and reduces the workload of the rudder. At present, merchant ships are equipped with automatic rudders. When directional navigation and there is no ship in the navigation area, the steering can be changed to automatic rudder.
3. Mooring equipment When the ship is off the dock, is away from the pontoon, is leaning against other ships or towing, the equipment used for cable and cable is collectively referred to as mooring equipment. The mooring equipment consists of mooring lines, cable guides, cable-carrying devices, stranding machines, mopeds and attachments.
(1) mooringline
The tether is also called a ship cable. It is used to tie the hull when berthing and to transfer the drag when dragging. The ideal tether should have the characteristics of high strength, moderate elasticity, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, low density, soft texture, convenient use, etc. Commonly used are steel wire and chemical fiber cable.
When mooring, the number and arrangement of the cables should be determined according to the condition of the wharf, the length of the ship, the strength of the cable, the length of the berthing, and the weather and tide conditions. Under normal circumstances, the ship must use at least six cables, that is, two first cables, two tail cables, and one front and rear cable. When a large ship or wind is in a hurry, it is necessary to add cables to achieve the purpose of securing the ship.
(2) The cable guide device is a cable guide that guides the ship's cable from the inboard to the outboard when the ship is moored, changes direction, limits its export position and reduces cable wear. And guide rollers, columns, etc.
(3) The cable piles are used for the cable, and are installed near the cable guides on the deck to fix the free ends of the mooring lines. It is very stressed, requiring the base to be very strong and the deck near the pile must be reinforced. The types are vertical, squat, cross and cable horns.
(4) The twisted cable machine, also known as the mooring winch, is used to twist the cable. The winch has a vertical horizontal division. The vertical winch is called a winch. There are steam winches, electric winches and hydraulic winches according to the power.
The winch of the bow is twisted by a winch drum configured by a windlass, the stern is separately provided, and the other part is a winch of the winch drum industry configured by the nearest cargo lifter.
(5) Tethered reel
Also known as the cable car, it is a device for winding and storing cables. It consists mainly of a cylinder for the cable and a frame for supporting the cylinder. The cable can be loosened or rolled by shaking the handle or turning the handrail, and the pedal brake is used to control the speed of the cable car.
(6) Mooring attachments include shackles, bumpers, cable or chain and buckling plates. The æ’‡ cable is a string of about 40m in length and about 6mm in diameter. The front end of the rope is a cable head with a certain weight. When the ship docked, the ship was thrown from the ship to the docking cable as an index rope for the cable to the terminal. The hitting pad, commonly known as the handlebar, is made of rope and is filled with a spherical material such as cork or brown silk. When the ship is docked, it is used to cushion the impact and friction of the hull and the dock to protect the ship's side. The rope or chain is a special rigging for temporarily tying the tether to withstand the tension of the cable when the ship is moored. The cable is used for the fiber rope, and the cable is used for the wire rope and the mouse plate. Made of thin steel plate or plastic plate, when the ship is docked, in order to prevent rodents from coming and going along the cable, the mouse board should be hung after the cable is fastened.
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