Author
Jiangxi Agricultural University College of Animal Science and Technology
Jiangxi Province Veterinary Drug Feed Supervision Institute Xing Lei
1 Overview of Vitamin B1
Vitamin B1, alias thiamine (C12H17N4OS, CASRN: 59-43-8), is a B vitamin derived from a combination of a pyrimidine ring and a thiazole ring. It is one of the first vitamins to be discovered. Vitamin B1 is a colorless crystal or crystalline powder; it has a weak special odor, bitter taste, hygroscopicity, and is exposed to the air, easily absorbing moisture. Vitamin B1 is mainly found in the outer skin and germ of seeds. It is rich in rice bran and bran, and is also abundant in yeast. In addition, it is rich in lean meat, cabbage and celery.
Vitamin B1 is absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine, and the absorbed vitamin B1 is phosphorylated in the liver. Phosphorylated forms include thiamine-phosphoric acid (TMP), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), and thiamine triphosphate (TTP). . The free vitamin B1 and its phosphorylated forms in animal tissues exist in different amounts, with the most abundant TPP, accounting for 80% of total vitamin B1, TTP accounting for 5%~10%, and the rest being free vitamin B1 and TMP. [1]. In animals,
Through the action of various enzyme systems, these four forms of vitamin B1 can be transformed into each other, as shown in Figure 1 [1].
2 The physiological function of vitamin B1
2.1 Participation in Nutritional Metabolism
Vitamin B1 is a water-soluble vitamin essential for the growth of animals. It is mainly involved in the metabolism of sugars and some amino acids in the body. It can react with ATP to form thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) by specific enzyme catalysis. TPP is an important coenzyme for sugar metabolism. Therefore, the lack of vitamin B1 will hinder the metabolism of sugar. On the one hand, it will lead to insufficient energy supply of nerve tissue. Its lack of manifestation is multiple neuroinflammation, which may easily cause changes in cardiac organ properties and changes in cardiac function [2]; It causes disorder of glucose metabolism in the body, and produces pyruvic acid and lactic acid in the process of glucose metabolism in blood and tissues. The accumulation of both in blood, urine and tissues may cause acidosis [3]. Carbohydrate metabolism can affect lipid metabolism. If vitamin B1 is deficient and lipid synthesis is reduced, the integrity of myelin can not be well maintained, leading to neurological diseases and multiple neuritis [4]. Vitamin B1 deficiency can also lead to cholesterol synthesis disorders due to reduced activity of its key regulatory enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase [5]. Cholesterol is also one of the main components of the cell membrane, and its synthetic barrier affects the integrity of the neuronal membrane.
2.2 Other physiological functions
Lack of vitamin B1 reduces the amount of vitamin B1 in the brain, which affects brain function. Adult mice were fed a diet lacking vitamin B1 in a short period of time (24d), and the platform was skipped, avoided darkness and water maze test, and the error rate was significantly higher than that of the normal feed group [6]. Rats fed a diet lacking vitamin B1 also showed a loss of passive avoidance response, and vitamin B1 supplementation can be restored [7]. The study also found that vitamin B1 has a direct neurochemical activity on the central nervous system, and can interact with Ca2+ and Mg2+ to regulate the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane [8]. Vitamin B1 is also closely related to cardiac function. Tests have shown that animals with short-term vitamin B1 deficiency have significantly reduced myocardial tension and elasticity, and have arrhythmia, which can be restored after vitamin B1 supplementation. However, if the long-term lack of vitamin B1, severe heart damage can eventually lead to death.
3 Vitamin B1 in animal production
3.1 Application of Vitamin B1 in Aquatic Products
Because of the wide-ranging role of vitamin B1 in aquatic animals, the long-term shortage of vitamin B1 not only affects its growth, but also causes a series of deficiencies through metabolic disorders in the body [9]. Ai Chunxiang et al [10] (2001) found that shrimp, crab and other crustaceans can not synthesize vitamin B1 or the amount of synthesis is very small, it is difficult to meet their physiological needs, so it must be obtained by artificial feeding. Xu Zhichang et al [11] (2007) studied the related content of vitamin B1 in China to promote glucose metabolism, and found that it is necessary to ensure that the vitamin B1 diet is 60mg/kg, so that the shrimp can make full use of the sugar source in the bait.
3.2 Vitamin B1 application in poultry production
Vitamin B1 also plays an important role in the growth of poultry. Huang Qi [12] (2003) found that the addition of thiamine above 1.0mg/kg in diet significantly increased the body weight gain of broilers aged 3 weeks and 4-7 weeks old (P<0.01), 0~ The requirements for broilers aged 3 weeks and 4 to 7 weeks were 4.0 mg/kg and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, it can be explained that vitamin B1 is essential in the formulation of poultry feed.
3.3 Vitamin B1 application in ruminant production
Vitamin B1 has a special nutritional effect on ruminants. Hu Lianzhu et al [13] (1996) found that at the peak of lactation, cows are prone to the decline in milk production due to the lack of concentrate, which can be injected intramuscularly with 0.25% vitamin B130mL, and the second day after the injection. It is expected that the heavy ones will return to normal after 2 or 3 times of medication. Chen Weichang et al [14] (1998) found that Wernicke encephalopathy is caused by prolonged fasting, resulting in thiamine deficiency and disease, mainly through vitamin B1 treatment, if the diagnosis is timely, more recovery after treatment. In addition, vitamin B1 is a specific drug in the treatment of bovine ketone body disease, horse myoglobinuria, and is widely used in organophosphate poisoning, food poisoning and drug poisoning [15].
4 Summary
Vitamin B1 is usually added in a multi-dimensional form in the feed, and the type and stage of growth of the animal are taken into consideration to ensure optimum production performance.
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