"12th Five-Year" how to promote energy-saving emission reduction? Which new regulations will affect China's economic structure? Can related industries pass the energy saving and emission reduction test? The recently released "12th Five-Year Plan for Comprehensive Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Work" (hereinafter referred to as the "Program") clearly puts forward the implementation of total control in the four major industries of electricity, steel, papermaking, printing and dyeing, indicating that the "12th Five-Year Plan" "In terms of controlling the new volume and focusing on the reduction of emissions, the concept has been updated and measures have been more concrete.
Electricity and steel dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions account for about 60% of industrial emissions, papermaking and printing of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen accounted for about 40% of industrial emissions, controlling the total amount of four industries The control basically captures the “bull nose†of industrial emissions. Wu Lanze, deputy director of the China Environment Planning Institute, said in an interview with this reporter recently that the allocation and management of total emission reductions in the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†will tend to be scientific and refined, in which the characteristics of the industrial more obvious. “The industry not only proposes emission reduction and pollution control requirements, but also considers limiting the total amount of pollutants emitted by the industry. In the future, it may also require the industry to make full-caliber measurements and strengthen the management of the ledgers.†This can be used to control total emissions. Forced the transmission mechanism to promote internal adjustment of the industry, with large and small, with new generations and old, equal replacement, upgrade the level of industry development. “
Electricity: Off* is still the invariable theme. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the power industry cuts down on the oxidation of carbon dioxide* mainly on off facilities, and the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†depends on increasing the operating efficiency to expand the emission reduction space, and strictly supervising and accelerating the transformation. Previously, the China Electricity Regulatory Commission reported that during 2010 and the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period of energy saving and emission reduction in the electric power industry, it was stated that last year, the national electric power* dioxide* emissions approved value was 9.65 million tons, 29% lower than in 2005, but “10 The probability of a significant reduction in the emissions of CO2* in the power industry is very small.
In this regard, Dr. Yan Gang, Deputy Director of the Department of Atmospheric Environment of the China Environmental Planning Institute, said that in the next five years, the energy industry's CO2 emission reduction space will mainly come from three aspects: First, the transformation of some existing facilities, and second, the cancellation. Bypass and other management measures to reduce emissions; third is the new off facilities and eliminate small thermal power. In the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the proportion of off-set units has reached 82%. After the preliminary introduction of CO2 emission reduction capacity, the ability to manage and utilize these capabilities is the key to consolidating the effectiveness of emission reduction and further tapping the potential of CO2 emission reduction in the power industry. .
According to preliminary statistics, in 2010, the power industry consumed 55.1% of the country's coal resources, and the emitted CO2 accounted for 42.5% of the country's total. The stable performance of the electricity industry in reducing emissions will affect the overall performance of CO2 reduction. The report of the China Electricity Regulatory Commission pointed out that since the coal-fired generating units will all be installed in the early stage of the “12th Five-Year Planâ€, the new coal-fired power plant's carbon dioxide* emissions will continue to grow. If this technology has not achieved a major breakthrough during this period, It is expected that the power industry's drastic reduction during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period will be very difficult.
Yan Gang said that the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" for the reduction of the power industry's carbon dioxide * is mainly on the off the * facilities, and the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" will depend on improving the operating efficiency to expand the emission reduction space. This involves two aspects of work. First of all, if there is a problem with the existing facilities, quality of construction, or the fact that they cannot meet the changes in the coal-fired power plants of the power plants, they will need to be fully transformed to ensure normal operations. Followed by the use of good management of emission reduction measures. For example, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, the flue gas bypass of the facility should be gradually phased out. If the flue gas bypass is canceled, the comprehensive off-site benefits of thermal power plants will be investigated, and the benefits of off-shore islands will prevail.
“The efficiency of off-island power plants at larger power plants can now be over 90%. In the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the efficiency of comprehensive power plant decontamination is, in principle, not more than 85%. Therefore, if it is through transformation, management, etc. Measures will increase efficiency from 85% to 90%. “Strictly speaking, although it seems that only 5% of the efficiency is increased, it actually means that the pollutant emissions of the power plant can be reduced by three-thirds.†one. "It can be said that managing emissions reductions in the 'Twelfth Five-Year Plan' will be a very important means of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide*, and will expand the largest space."
According to Yan Gang, at present, there are many thermal power plants in the country that use circulating fluidized bed boiler technology. In the previous operation, there are indeed constant problems and the efficiency of the removal is very low. Therefore, not only measures to reduce emissions from the wet process are adopted, but also the supervision of the chemical bed boilers will be strengthened in the future. This part of the work will also have some space for reduction.
Some experts have pointed out clearly that although most of the power plant off-loading units can reach 90% or more of the design requirements during the trial operation, in actual operation, due to various factors such as coal types, spilt emissions, and management operation levels, etc. As a result, the overall efficiency of the industry as a whole is quite different. The overall efficiency of off-site facilities will be reduced by 5%, and the amount of CO2 reductions that will be affected in one year will exceed 400,000 tons.
At present, due to the poor applicability of the technology and the poor quality of the project, the operational failure rate and operating costs remain high, and the removal of gypsum is difficult. In the course of operation, due to falsification and the fact that most of the coal-fired power plants do not have professional operation and maintenance capabilities for off-site facilities, the industry estimates that more than 30% of off-site facilities are in abnormal operating conditions.
How to effectively ensure operational efficiency and increase business enthusiasm? In its notification, the SERC pointed out that it is necessary to continue to improve the off-price compensation mechanism, and that power plants that have a high cost of off-gases due to high coal-fired power consumption should reasonably compensate for the power price and meet the cost requirements.
Iron and steel decontamination and denitrification are difficult problems for denitrification, sintering and denitrification* Faced with the demand for a large number of new facilities, but also facing multiple technical cost problems, the need for policy funds to support the dynamic update of pollution sources survey in 2010 shows that the total emissions of nitrogen oxides in thermal power plant exhaust emissions 46%, thermal denitrification has become the main "battlefield" for reducing nitrogen oxides. As a new indicator for the “12th Five-Year Planâ€, the technologies, processes, talents, and management of nitrogen oxide control in the thermal power industry are still at the exploratory stage. The same problem is also mentioned for the sintering of iron and steel.
In the first half of the year, when the national nitrogen oxides did not decline, the imbalance in the power industry was considered to be an important reason. People in the industry believe that this is not directly related to the incentive policies such as denitrification price.
In this regard, Yan Gang said, "The 12th Five-Year Plan" to build denitrification facilities is the main means for coal-fired power plants to reduce nitrogen oxides emissions. In terms of active duty units, eastern regions require that units with 200,000 kilowatts and above must install and operate denitrification facilities; in other regions, all units with 300,000 kilowatts or more must do denitrification.
The low-nitrogen combustion reform of the existing units of coal-fired power plants is also an important way to reduce emissions. According to industry sources, low-nitrogen combustion equipment is expected to become the standard for denitration in power plants. Through low-nitrogen combustion reforming, reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides at the inlet of the trailing SCR system can reduce the cost of tail-end denitrification, thereby reducing the denitration cost of the entire coal-fired power plant.
According to Yan Gang, the current requirement is that there should be no construction of low-nitrogen facilities, and low-nitrogen facilities, but the effect is not good to be upgraded. At present, the effect of low-nitrogen reforms on some plants is unsatisfactory, with concentrations of more than four or five hundred milligrams per cubic meter. Before the year 2003, there was basically no installation of low-nitrogen facilities in these boilers. These areas need to be further transformed to improve nitrogen oxides. Material control capabilities. "
Concerning the requirements for the concentration of low-nitrogen reforms, Yan Gang said that in accordance with the newly issued “Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Thermal Power Plantsâ€, by 2014, in addition to the use of W-flame furnace boilers and circulating fluidized bed boilers, it was adopted after the end of 2003. The nitrogen oxide concentration of the thermal power unit of the project environmental impact assessment should reach 100 mg/m3. According to this standard, many existing low-nitrogen combustion facilities cannot meet the requirements. He explained: "Because the efficiency of denitrification facilities is generally 70% to 80%, that is, emissions of pollutants account for 1/5 to 1/3, if the concentration after denitration reaches 100 mg per cubic meter, the low-nitrogen combustion process must help The maximum concentration of flue gas is reduced to less than 400 mg. Above this, emission standards cannot be achieved, so the emission standards can also be used to force low-nitrogen retrofits, which is also the future emission reduction space.
However, from the current situation, the "enthusiasm" for the construction of denitrification facilities in thermal power plants has yet to be stimulated. It is understood that during the "11th Five-Year Plan" period, only units with an installed capacity of about 100 million kilowatts are equipped with denitrification facilities, but the operation results are not satisfactory. In addition to still immature in terms of technology, technology, and management, the general waiting for the psychological power companies is also an important factor.
Now the industry has turned its hope to the subsidy price. The relevant market analysis believes that under the current situation of high coal prices and widespread losses of thermal power companies, the “absence†of denitrification electricity prices will make it difficult to mobilize the enthusiasm of thermal power companies to invest in denitrification facilities. In this regard, Wu Yuze said that electricity is a public consumer goods, electricity price adjustment will affect all aspects of social and economic life through the transmission mechanism, this work is more sensitive, the country will be more cautious.
The steel industry also has "new problems" in emission reduction. As the second largest emission source after thermal power generation, steel dioxide* emissions account for about 10% of China's total emissions, of which emissions from sintering processes are the main source. According to the “Programmeâ€, the iron and steel industry will fully implement the sinter flue gas off*, and the new sinter machine will be equipped with off-and-off denitrification facilities. At present, there are about 1,100 sintering machines in the country. According to relevant industrial policies, all sintering machines below 90 square meters will be eliminated, and 503 sintering machines of 90 square meters and above must be lifted off.
In response to this, various localities have successively proposed mandatory measures, such as the Shanxi Province Environmental Protection Agency has announced that by 2012, all the sintering machine flue gas operated by the iron and steel enterprises in the province will be completely removed. Jiangsu limits the final period to 2013. However, this is not an easy task. It also faces the problems of immaturity and investment. With the shrinking profits of the industry, there are hundreds of millions of investments and tens of millions of operating costs, and domestic steel companies generally have insufficient emission reduction power. People in the industry have repeatedly appealed to relevant departments to issue relevant incentive policies, such as subsidies for reducing sewage charges.
Paper: COD emissions, pressure from the boss, implementation of new standards to promote the industry to further upgrade the adjustment, the company discharge standards to achieve clean production and the end of the depth of governance as the traditional industrial sector, the domestic paper industry in the past 10 years in environmental protection performance has been beyond doubt. However, it must be admitted that the papermaking industry is still the number one member of the “COD Emissions Club†and bears great pressure for reducing emissions. Guo Yongxin, deputy director of the China Light Industry Information Center, said recently that the output value of the pulp and paper industry accounts for 0.88% of the country's total industrial output value, and COD emissions account for 35%, which determines that it is difficult for the industry to maintain the status quo for a long time. According to reports, the expected emission reduction targets proposed within the papermaking industry are COD emissions reduction of 10.4%, annual average reduction of 2.2%, while maintaining output growth, from the 2010 1.06 tons to 95% in 2015.
“In the twelfth five-year period, the paper industry mainly achieved reduction of pollutants through structural emission reduction and deep governance.†Wu Yueying, director of the General Control Office of the Water Environment Planning Department of the China Environmental Planning Institute, told reporters that the main pollutants they emit are pollutants. The industry has carried out accounting for total emissions and emission intensity. It is expected that the emission reductions for industrial COD and ammonia nitrogen will be approximately 1.2 million tons and 100,000 tons.
Wu Yueying analyzed that in the aspect of structural emission reduction, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, papermaking enterprises are required to eliminate alkali-free (sulfate) pulping production lines without alkali recovery, and non-wood pulp chemical pulp with a single production capacity of less than 34,000 tons. The production line, a single waste paper production line with a capacity of less than 10,000 tons, a chemical pulp production line with an annual discharge capacity of less than 50,000 tons, and partial ammonium pulping, it is estimated that about 8 million tons of paper production capacity will need to be eliminated. . In terms of in-depth treatment, we will accelerate water-saving technological transformation, increase the industrial water recycling rate, and strengthen the construction of pollution control facilities. By 2015, it is expected that the papermaking and paper products industry will add 3 million tons of daily sewage treatment capacity.
She specifically mentioned the "Emission Standards for Water Pollutants in the Pulp and Paper Industry," which was implemented on August 1, 2008. "According to emission standards, the reduction of papermaking wastewater will make a great contribution to the total amount of industrial sources." Wu Yueying said that when the standard was first introduced, we also had doubts as to how many companies could achieve such strict standards? In subsequent investigations, we found that many large companies can achieve compliance, and the cost of governance is not unsustainable.
The continuous improvement of environmental protection standards is constantly putting pressure on the self-adjustment of the paper industry. After the first phase of the standard implementation, all pulp and paper companies are required to implement (COD) emission limits below 100mg/L. Wu Yueying said that it must be admitted that there are still many paper-making companies that do not meet this requirement. This is also the room for further reduction of the paper industry.
"First, we must promote clean production. If we do nothing, it is difficult to achieve compliance only by the end of biochemical treatment." Wu Yueying said that whether it is alkaline or acid, the pulping process must be recycled. It can be said that if there is no recycling process, it can basically be said that the company can not meet the standard. Measures such as black liquor extraction and alkali recovery, white water recovery and other resource recovery measures can all reduce the load on the end of the treatment.
While proposing reduction tasks for the industrial sector, the relevant research group of the Environmental Planning Institute also considered related feasibility technologies and processes. Take the paper making industry as an example. First, determine the source control process based on raw materials and product types, waste water sources and properties (chemical pulping production systems use energy and chemical recovery, recycling process water and other measures; mechanical pulp and chemical pulp production system should be Use cleaning and diversion, recycling process water, fiber recovery and other measures; papermaking production system should use recycled process water, white water recovery and other measures; then according to the current national and local relevant emission standards and other factors to determine the final pulp and paper wastewater treatment system , Including the anaerobic unit's secondary treatment process and the necessary in-depth treatment, can reach the standard in the end of the governance process.
"Enterprises must increase investment, but they have not increased to an unacceptable level. The growth of environmental protection costs may indeed eliminate some small enterprises with low levels of pollution control," Wu Yueying said. According to paper industry insiders, the 10,000-ton capacity input of the paper industry has reached 100 million to 150 million yuan, which is basically equivalent to the investment of heavy industries such as steel and petrochemical industries.
For the new ammonia ammonia nitrogen control indicator, Wu Yueying said that the paper industry is not a big problem. “We have cooperated with the Papermaking Association and found that for the paper industry, the sources of ammonia in wastewater include ammonium sulphate pulping waste, excessive nutrient salt added by the wastewater biochemical treatment plant, raw starch in the corrugated wastewater, and plant raw materials. Ammonia, etc."
Among them, ammonium sulphate pulping waste liquid and adding excessive nutrient salt are the main sources of excessive ammonia nitrogen discharge in the paper industry. For small-scale ammonium nitrite pulping companies, the ammonia concentration of wastewater is 2 to 4 times larger than that of large and medium-sized enterprises, resulting in an increase in processing costs, so that some small-scale enterprises cannot afford it. Therefore, consider eliminating a batch of ammonium pulping enterprises in the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" emission reduction measures. The increase of the ammonia concentration in the papermaking wastewater due to adding excessive nutrient salts to the papermaking wastewater, resulting in an increase in operating costs, is entirely due to the poor management of the enterprise. Therefore, ammonia nitrogen emissions should be reduced by improving the operation and management requirements of the wastewater treatment facilities.
As the first major emitter, will the paper industry follow the example of the electric power industry to separate the total amount of funds or even the right to approve projects? Wu Yueying stated that as a heavily polluting industry, the paper industry in the future may implement regional and industrial total control. For example, a papermaking industry that has not cut down the water pollution index of a certain paper industry will not be able to put on new papermaking projects. This will promote new and old ones. The effect of the policy will be very direct.
Printing and dyeing: too many small businesses test that regulation alone is not enough. Upgrading emission standards is crucial for expanding the space for emission reduction. Although COD emissions are not “top threeâ€, the printing and dyeing industry has also been “named†and became the “12th Five Year Planâ€. The industrial sector focuses on the control of water pollutant emissions. It is understood that the textile industry is a fully competitive industry dominated by SMEs, accounting for 99.6% of SMEs. More than 1/3 of the companies below the scale of technology and equipment and pollution control is lower than the overall level of the industry. In the case of producing similar units of products, the average content of pollutants in our country's printing and dyeing wastewater is two to three times that of foreign countries. The water consumption is three to four times, and the problem of sludge is also very prominent. The highly concentrated areas of the industry happens to be key river basins such as the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake, causing serious environmental problems in the local water environment.
Wu Yueying said that in the printing and dyeing industry, the number of small businesses in the printing and dyeing industry is very large, and it is more of a structural problem. There are not many technical problems in emission reduction. “From the current situation we understand, if the printing and dyeing companies can achieve clean production and end-of-pipe management, they will be able to meet the standards. We have calculated according to the current emission standards, and the amount of cod reduction that the industry has achieved in compliance with the standard emissions is also considerable.â€
She also pointed out that compared with the “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€, there may not be much room for structural emission reduction in the papermaking and printing and dyeing industries, but from the current standards, there are still many companies that have not achieved stable emission standards, which is also an important reduction. Row of space; for printing and dyeing industries in environmentally sensitive areas, emission standards will require higher, which will also promote further emissions reductions. For example, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Guangdong have implemented local standards for water pollutants that are stricter than national standards and promote the transformation and upgrading of local printing and dyeing industries.
The number of small enterprises in the printing and dyeing industry is very large and the individual emissions are small. It is very difficult for the enterprises to supervise the law enforcement. In the future, the industry structure should be optimized through new and old alternatives. According to her disclosure, for the printing and dyeing enterprises, by the end of 2015, the textile industry will add 600,000 tons of daily sewage treatment capacity. The whole industry needs to eliminate 74 type dyeing and finishing production lines, use pre-treatment equipment with a life span of more than 15 years, batch dyeing equipment with a bath ratio of about 1:10, backward type printing machines, hot-melt dyeing machines, hot-air cloth tenters, Shaping machine, other high energy consumption, high water consumption, low level of printing and dyeing ability. It is estimated that about 7.5 billion meters of production capacity will be eliminated.
Similar to papermaking and other large-scale discharge of water pollutants, the end of the printing and dyeing industry governance also has great challenges. Although the technology has continued to mature, due to various problems such as high concentration, high chroma, and sludge, the cost of using sewage treatment technology and the cost of treating sewage are still high, which also affects the effectiveness and effectiveness of environmental law enforcement. Therefore, in the "Eleventh Five-Year" development of the textile industry in the guiding ideology and objectives, put forward "implementation of environmental protection, energy conservation, clean production of printing and dyeing processing technology, to achieve pollution prevention and control of printing and dyeing industry from the 'end of governance' to 'source of prevention' transformation.
One noteworthy phenomenon is that the compliance rate of the printing and dyeing industry's wastewater in 2008 (on the list of enterprises with a scale of more than 5 million yuan) has reached 99.16%. The industry has always questioned whether it is enough to meet the standard. The practice of emission reduction in the papermaking and thermal power industries has also shown that it is of great significance and role to increase emission reduction standards for expanding industry emission reduction space.
The MEP has clearly stated at the meeting held at the beginning of the year that it will increase the emission standards for the tanning, printing and dyeing industries and further tap the space for emission reduction. Earlier, the “Report on Pollution Prevention and Control in Key Industrial Industries in 2008†organized by the Ministry of Environmental Protection pointed out that the printing and dyeing industry in China currently has a significant gap with developed countries in terms of total discharge volume and standards. The discharge standards for water pollutants in the textile dyeing and finishing industry were established in 1992 and have been in force for nearly 20 years. They do not adapt to the significant changes in industrial equipment and process products and do not meet the requirements of environmental resources.
Standards and measurement have a significant effect on the reduction of energy-saving and emission-reducing costs by enterprises. Scientifically setting the water intake volume and wastewater discharge volume of printing and dyeing companies is the key to accomplishing energy-saving and emission-reduction goals. Another urgency of raising standards is that, except for the increase of local standards in a few provinces and cities on the eastern coast, other regions are still implementing national standards, which are likely to cause cost differences and unfair competition, and also make the transfer of industries accompanied by water consumption and pollution. The transfer has increased the difficulty of overall governance.
Electricity and steel dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions account for about 60% of industrial emissions, papermaking and printing of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen accounted for about 40% of industrial emissions, controlling the total amount of four industries The control basically captures the “bull nose†of industrial emissions. Wu Lanze, deputy director of the China Environment Planning Institute, said in an interview with this reporter recently that the allocation and management of total emission reductions in the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†will tend to be scientific and refined, in which the characteristics of the industrial more obvious. “The industry not only proposes emission reduction and pollution control requirements, but also considers limiting the total amount of pollutants emitted by the industry. In the future, it may also require the industry to make full-caliber measurements and strengthen the management of the ledgers.†This can be used to control total emissions. Forced the transmission mechanism to promote internal adjustment of the industry, with large and small, with new generations and old, equal replacement, upgrade the level of industry development. “
Electricity: Off* is still the invariable theme. During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the power industry cuts down on the oxidation of carbon dioxide* mainly on off facilities, and the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†depends on increasing the operating efficiency to expand the emission reduction space, and strictly supervising and accelerating the transformation. Previously, the China Electricity Regulatory Commission reported that during 2010 and the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period of energy saving and emission reduction in the electric power industry, it was stated that last year, the national electric power* dioxide* emissions approved value was 9.65 million tons, 29% lower than in 2005, but “10 The probability of a significant reduction in the emissions of CO2* in the power industry is very small.
In this regard, Dr. Yan Gang, Deputy Director of the Department of Atmospheric Environment of the China Environmental Planning Institute, said that in the next five years, the energy industry's CO2 emission reduction space will mainly come from three aspects: First, the transformation of some existing facilities, and second, the cancellation. Bypass and other management measures to reduce emissions; third is the new off facilities and eliminate small thermal power. In the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the proportion of off-set units has reached 82%. After the preliminary introduction of CO2 emission reduction capacity, the ability to manage and utilize these capabilities is the key to consolidating the effectiveness of emission reduction and further tapping the potential of CO2 emission reduction in the power industry. .
According to preliminary statistics, in 2010, the power industry consumed 55.1% of the country's coal resources, and the emitted CO2 accounted for 42.5% of the country's total. The stable performance of the electricity industry in reducing emissions will affect the overall performance of CO2 reduction. The report of the China Electricity Regulatory Commission pointed out that since the coal-fired generating units will all be installed in the early stage of the “12th Five-Year Planâ€, the new coal-fired power plant's carbon dioxide* emissions will continue to grow. If this technology has not achieved a major breakthrough during this period, It is expected that the power industry's drastic reduction during the "12th Five-Year Plan" period will be very difficult.
Yan Gang said that the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" for the reduction of the power industry's carbon dioxide * is mainly on the off the * facilities, and the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" will depend on improving the operating efficiency to expand the emission reduction space. This involves two aspects of work. First of all, if there is a problem with the existing facilities, quality of construction, or the fact that they cannot meet the changes in the coal-fired power plants of the power plants, they will need to be fully transformed to ensure normal operations. Followed by the use of good management of emission reduction measures. For example, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, the flue gas bypass of the facility should be gradually phased out. If the flue gas bypass is canceled, the comprehensive off-site benefits of thermal power plants will be investigated, and the benefits of off-shore islands will prevail.
“The efficiency of off-island power plants at larger power plants can now be over 90%. In the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†period, the efficiency of comprehensive power plant decontamination is, in principle, not more than 85%. Therefore, if it is through transformation, management, etc. Measures will increase efficiency from 85% to 90%. “Strictly speaking, although it seems that only 5% of the efficiency is increased, it actually means that the pollutant emissions of the power plant can be reduced by three-thirds.†one. "It can be said that managing emissions reductions in the 'Twelfth Five-Year Plan' will be a very important means of reducing emissions of carbon dioxide*, and will expand the largest space."
According to Yan Gang, at present, there are many thermal power plants in the country that use circulating fluidized bed boiler technology. In the previous operation, there are indeed constant problems and the efficiency of the removal is very low. Therefore, not only measures to reduce emissions from the wet process are adopted, but also the supervision of the chemical bed boilers will be strengthened in the future. This part of the work will also have some space for reduction.
Some experts have pointed out clearly that although most of the power plant off-loading units can reach 90% or more of the design requirements during the trial operation, in actual operation, due to various factors such as coal types, spilt emissions, and management operation levels, etc. As a result, the overall efficiency of the industry as a whole is quite different. The overall efficiency of off-site facilities will be reduced by 5%, and the amount of CO2 reductions that will be affected in one year will exceed 400,000 tons.
At present, due to the poor applicability of the technology and the poor quality of the project, the operational failure rate and operating costs remain high, and the removal of gypsum is difficult. In the course of operation, due to falsification and the fact that most of the coal-fired power plants do not have professional operation and maintenance capabilities for off-site facilities, the industry estimates that more than 30% of off-site facilities are in abnormal operating conditions.
How to effectively ensure operational efficiency and increase business enthusiasm? In its notification, the SERC pointed out that it is necessary to continue to improve the off-price compensation mechanism, and that power plants that have a high cost of off-gases due to high coal-fired power consumption should reasonably compensate for the power price and meet the cost requirements.
Iron and steel decontamination and denitrification are difficult problems for denitrification, sintering and denitrification* Faced with the demand for a large number of new facilities, but also facing multiple technical cost problems, the need for policy funds to support the dynamic update of pollution sources survey in 2010 shows that the total emissions of nitrogen oxides in thermal power plant exhaust emissions 46%, thermal denitrification has become the main "battlefield" for reducing nitrogen oxides. As a new indicator for the “12th Five-Year Planâ€, the technologies, processes, talents, and management of nitrogen oxide control in the thermal power industry are still at the exploratory stage. The same problem is also mentioned for the sintering of iron and steel.
In the first half of the year, when the national nitrogen oxides did not decline, the imbalance in the power industry was considered to be an important reason. People in the industry believe that this is not directly related to the incentive policies such as denitrification price.
In this regard, Yan Gang said, "The 12th Five-Year Plan" to build denitrification facilities is the main means for coal-fired power plants to reduce nitrogen oxides emissions. In terms of active duty units, eastern regions require that units with 200,000 kilowatts and above must install and operate denitrification facilities; in other regions, all units with 300,000 kilowatts or more must do denitrification.
The low-nitrogen combustion reform of the existing units of coal-fired power plants is also an important way to reduce emissions. According to industry sources, low-nitrogen combustion equipment is expected to become the standard for denitration in power plants. Through low-nitrogen combustion reforming, reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides at the inlet of the trailing SCR system can reduce the cost of tail-end denitrification, thereby reducing the denitration cost of the entire coal-fired power plant.
According to Yan Gang, the current requirement is that there should be no construction of low-nitrogen facilities, and low-nitrogen facilities, but the effect is not good to be upgraded. At present, the effect of low-nitrogen reforms on some plants is unsatisfactory, with concentrations of more than four or five hundred milligrams per cubic meter. Before the year 2003, there was basically no installation of low-nitrogen facilities in these boilers. These areas need to be further transformed to improve nitrogen oxides. Material control capabilities. "
Concerning the requirements for the concentration of low-nitrogen reforms, Yan Gang said that in accordance with the newly issued “Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Thermal Power Plantsâ€, by 2014, in addition to the use of W-flame furnace boilers and circulating fluidized bed boilers, it was adopted after the end of 2003. The nitrogen oxide concentration of the thermal power unit of the project environmental impact assessment should reach 100 mg/m3. According to this standard, many existing low-nitrogen combustion facilities cannot meet the requirements. He explained: "Because the efficiency of denitrification facilities is generally 70% to 80%, that is, emissions of pollutants account for 1/5 to 1/3, if the concentration after denitration reaches 100 mg per cubic meter, the low-nitrogen combustion process must help The maximum concentration of flue gas is reduced to less than 400 mg. Above this, emission standards cannot be achieved, so the emission standards can also be used to force low-nitrogen retrofits, which is also the future emission reduction space.
However, from the current situation, the "enthusiasm" for the construction of denitrification facilities in thermal power plants has yet to be stimulated. It is understood that during the "11th Five-Year Plan" period, only units with an installed capacity of about 100 million kilowatts are equipped with denitrification facilities, but the operation results are not satisfactory. In addition to still immature in terms of technology, technology, and management, the general waiting for the psychological power companies is also an important factor.
Now the industry has turned its hope to the subsidy price. The relevant market analysis believes that under the current situation of high coal prices and widespread losses of thermal power companies, the “absence†of denitrification electricity prices will make it difficult to mobilize the enthusiasm of thermal power companies to invest in denitrification facilities. In this regard, Wu Yuze said that electricity is a public consumer goods, electricity price adjustment will affect all aspects of social and economic life through the transmission mechanism, this work is more sensitive, the country will be more cautious.
The steel industry also has "new problems" in emission reduction. As the second largest emission source after thermal power generation, steel dioxide* emissions account for about 10% of China's total emissions, of which emissions from sintering processes are the main source. According to the “Programmeâ€, the iron and steel industry will fully implement the sinter flue gas off*, and the new sinter machine will be equipped with off-and-off denitrification facilities. At present, there are about 1,100 sintering machines in the country. According to relevant industrial policies, all sintering machines below 90 square meters will be eliminated, and 503 sintering machines of 90 square meters and above must be lifted off.
In response to this, various localities have successively proposed mandatory measures, such as the Shanxi Province Environmental Protection Agency has announced that by 2012, all the sintering machine flue gas operated by the iron and steel enterprises in the province will be completely removed. Jiangsu limits the final period to 2013. However, this is not an easy task. It also faces the problems of immaturity and investment. With the shrinking profits of the industry, there are hundreds of millions of investments and tens of millions of operating costs, and domestic steel companies generally have insufficient emission reduction power. People in the industry have repeatedly appealed to relevant departments to issue relevant incentive policies, such as subsidies for reducing sewage charges.
Paper: COD emissions, pressure from the boss, implementation of new standards to promote the industry to further upgrade the adjustment, the company discharge standards to achieve clean production and the end of the depth of governance as the traditional industrial sector, the domestic paper industry in the past 10 years in environmental protection performance has been beyond doubt. However, it must be admitted that the papermaking industry is still the number one member of the “COD Emissions Club†and bears great pressure for reducing emissions. Guo Yongxin, deputy director of the China Light Industry Information Center, said recently that the output value of the pulp and paper industry accounts for 0.88% of the country's total industrial output value, and COD emissions account for 35%, which determines that it is difficult for the industry to maintain the status quo for a long time. According to reports, the expected emission reduction targets proposed within the papermaking industry are COD emissions reduction of 10.4%, annual average reduction of 2.2%, while maintaining output growth, from the 2010 1.06 tons to 95% in 2015.
“In the twelfth five-year period, the paper industry mainly achieved reduction of pollutants through structural emission reduction and deep governance.†Wu Yueying, director of the General Control Office of the Water Environment Planning Department of the China Environmental Planning Institute, told reporters that the main pollutants they emit are pollutants. The industry has carried out accounting for total emissions and emission intensity. It is expected that the emission reductions for industrial COD and ammonia nitrogen will be approximately 1.2 million tons and 100,000 tons.
Wu Yueying analyzed that in the aspect of structural emission reduction, during the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, papermaking enterprises are required to eliminate alkali-free (sulfate) pulping production lines without alkali recovery, and non-wood pulp chemical pulp with a single production capacity of less than 34,000 tons. The production line, a single waste paper production line with a capacity of less than 10,000 tons, a chemical pulp production line with an annual discharge capacity of less than 50,000 tons, and partial ammonium pulping, it is estimated that about 8 million tons of paper production capacity will need to be eliminated. . In terms of in-depth treatment, we will accelerate water-saving technological transformation, increase the industrial water recycling rate, and strengthen the construction of pollution control facilities. By 2015, it is expected that the papermaking and paper products industry will add 3 million tons of daily sewage treatment capacity.
She specifically mentioned the "Emission Standards for Water Pollutants in the Pulp and Paper Industry," which was implemented on August 1, 2008. "According to emission standards, the reduction of papermaking wastewater will make a great contribution to the total amount of industrial sources." Wu Yueying said that when the standard was first introduced, we also had doubts as to how many companies could achieve such strict standards? In subsequent investigations, we found that many large companies can achieve compliance, and the cost of governance is not unsustainable.
The continuous improvement of environmental protection standards is constantly putting pressure on the self-adjustment of the paper industry. After the first phase of the standard implementation, all pulp and paper companies are required to implement (COD) emission limits below 100mg/L. Wu Yueying said that it must be admitted that there are still many paper-making companies that do not meet this requirement. This is also the room for further reduction of the paper industry.
"First, we must promote clean production. If we do nothing, it is difficult to achieve compliance only by the end of biochemical treatment." Wu Yueying said that whether it is alkaline or acid, the pulping process must be recycled. It can be said that if there is no recycling process, it can basically be said that the company can not meet the standard. Measures such as black liquor extraction and alkali recovery, white water recovery and other resource recovery measures can all reduce the load on the end of the treatment.
While proposing reduction tasks for the industrial sector, the relevant research group of the Environmental Planning Institute also considered related feasibility technologies and processes. Take the paper making industry as an example. First, determine the source control process based on raw materials and product types, waste water sources and properties (chemical pulping production systems use energy and chemical recovery, recycling process water and other measures; mechanical pulp and chemical pulp production system should be Use cleaning and diversion, recycling process water, fiber recovery and other measures; papermaking production system should use recycled process water, white water recovery and other measures; then according to the current national and local relevant emission standards and other factors to determine the final pulp and paper wastewater treatment system , Including the anaerobic unit's secondary treatment process and the necessary in-depth treatment, can reach the standard in the end of the governance process.
"Enterprises must increase investment, but they have not increased to an unacceptable level. The growth of environmental protection costs may indeed eliminate some small enterprises with low levels of pollution control," Wu Yueying said. According to paper industry insiders, the 10,000-ton capacity input of the paper industry has reached 100 million to 150 million yuan, which is basically equivalent to the investment of heavy industries such as steel and petrochemical industries.
For the new ammonia ammonia nitrogen control indicator, Wu Yueying said that the paper industry is not a big problem. “We have cooperated with the Papermaking Association and found that for the paper industry, the sources of ammonia in wastewater include ammonium sulphate pulping waste, excessive nutrient salt added by the wastewater biochemical treatment plant, raw starch in the corrugated wastewater, and plant raw materials. Ammonia, etc."
Among them, ammonium sulphate pulping waste liquid and adding excessive nutrient salt are the main sources of excessive ammonia nitrogen discharge in the paper industry. For small-scale ammonium nitrite pulping companies, the ammonia concentration of wastewater is 2 to 4 times larger than that of large and medium-sized enterprises, resulting in an increase in processing costs, so that some small-scale enterprises cannot afford it. Therefore, consider eliminating a batch of ammonium pulping enterprises in the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" emission reduction measures. The increase of the ammonia concentration in the papermaking wastewater due to adding excessive nutrient salts to the papermaking wastewater, resulting in an increase in operating costs, is entirely due to the poor management of the enterprise. Therefore, ammonia nitrogen emissions should be reduced by improving the operation and management requirements of the wastewater treatment facilities.
As the first major emitter, will the paper industry follow the example of the electric power industry to separate the total amount of funds or even the right to approve projects? Wu Yueying stated that as a heavily polluting industry, the paper industry in the future may implement regional and industrial total control. For example, a papermaking industry that has not cut down the water pollution index of a certain paper industry will not be able to put on new papermaking projects. This will promote new and old ones. The effect of the policy will be very direct.
Printing and dyeing: too many small businesses test that regulation alone is not enough. Upgrading emission standards is crucial for expanding the space for emission reduction. Although COD emissions are not “top threeâ€, the printing and dyeing industry has also been “named†and became the “12th Five Year Planâ€. The industrial sector focuses on the control of water pollutant emissions. It is understood that the textile industry is a fully competitive industry dominated by SMEs, accounting for 99.6% of SMEs. More than 1/3 of the companies below the scale of technology and equipment and pollution control is lower than the overall level of the industry. In the case of producing similar units of products, the average content of pollutants in our country's printing and dyeing wastewater is two to three times that of foreign countries. The water consumption is three to four times, and the problem of sludge is also very prominent. The highly concentrated areas of the industry happens to be key river basins such as the Huaihe River and Taihu Lake, causing serious environmental problems in the local water environment.
Wu Yueying said that in the printing and dyeing industry, the number of small businesses in the printing and dyeing industry is very large, and it is more of a structural problem. There are not many technical problems in emission reduction. “From the current situation we understand, if the printing and dyeing companies can achieve clean production and end-of-pipe management, they will be able to meet the standards. We have calculated according to the current emission standards, and the amount of cod reduction that the industry has achieved in compliance with the standard emissions is also considerable.â€
She also pointed out that compared with the “Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€, there may not be much room for structural emission reduction in the papermaking and printing and dyeing industries, but from the current standards, there are still many companies that have not achieved stable emission standards, which is also an important reduction. Row of space; for printing and dyeing industries in environmentally sensitive areas, emission standards will require higher, which will also promote further emissions reductions. For example, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Guangdong have implemented local standards for water pollutants that are stricter than national standards and promote the transformation and upgrading of local printing and dyeing industries.
The number of small enterprises in the printing and dyeing industry is very large and the individual emissions are small. It is very difficult for the enterprises to supervise the law enforcement. In the future, the industry structure should be optimized through new and old alternatives. According to her disclosure, for the printing and dyeing enterprises, by the end of 2015, the textile industry will add 600,000 tons of daily sewage treatment capacity. The whole industry needs to eliminate 74 type dyeing and finishing production lines, use pre-treatment equipment with a life span of more than 15 years, batch dyeing equipment with a bath ratio of about 1:10, backward type printing machines, hot-melt dyeing machines, hot-air cloth tenters, Shaping machine, other high energy consumption, high water consumption, low level of printing and dyeing ability. It is estimated that about 7.5 billion meters of production capacity will be eliminated.
Similar to papermaking and other large-scale discharge of water pollutants, the end of the printing and dyeing industry governance also has great challenges. Although the technology has continued to mature, due to various problems such as high concentration, high chroma, and sludge, the cost of using sewage treatment technology and the cost of treating sewage are still high, which also affects the effectiveness and effectiveness of environmental law enforcement. Therefore, in the "Eleventh Five-Year" development of the textile industry in the guiding ideology and objectives, put forward "implementation of environmental protection, energy conservation, clean production of printing and dyeing processing technology, to achieve pollution prevention and control of printing and dyeing industry from the 'end of governance' to 'source of prevention' transformation.
One noteworthy phenomenon is that the compliance rate of the printing and dyeing industry's wastewater in 2008 (on the list of enterprises with a scale of more than 5 million yuan) has reached 99.16%. The industry has always questioned whether it is enough to meet the standard. The practice of emission reduction in the papermaking and thermal power industries has also shown that it is of great significance and role to increase emission reduction standards for expanding industry emission reduction space.
The MEP has clearly stated at the meeting held at the beginning of the year that it will increase the emission standards for the tanning, printing and dyeing industries and further tap the space for emission reduction. Earlier, the “Report on Pollution Prevention and Control in Key Industrial Industries in 2008†organized by the Ministry of Environmental Protection pointed out that the printing and dyeing industry in China currently has a significant gap with developed countries in terms of total discharge volume and standards. The discharge standards for water pollutants in the textile dyeing and finishing industry were established in 1992 and have been in force for nearly 20 years. They do not adapt to the significant changes in industrial equipment and process products and do not meet the requirements of environmental resources.
Standards and measurement have a significant effect on the reduction of energy-saving and emission-reducing costs by enterprises. Scientifically setting the water intake volume and wastewater discharge volume of printing and dyeing companies is the key to accomplishing energy-saving and emission-reduction goals. Another urgency of raising standards is that, except for the increase of local standards in a few provinces and cities on the eastern coast, other regions are still implementing national standards, which are likely to cause cost differences and unfair competition, and also make the transfer of industries accompanied by water consumption and pollution. The transfer has increased the difficulty of overall governance.
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