Grape fertilization technology

Grape is one of the earliest and most widely distributed fruit trees. It is mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, and Huanghuaihai area, and there is a certain distribution in South China.

First, the characteristics of grape fertilizer (a) grape requirements for the environment Grape is a perennial climbing plant of deciduous, hi light, under sufficient light conditions, the leaves have higher photosynthetic efficiency, strong assimilation ability, high sugar content of the fruit, taste Good, high yield.

Grapes are a kind of warm fruit trees, which have poor cold tolerance. Growth begins only when the temperature rises to 10 °C, and the optimum growth temperature is above 18 °C. The temperature required for the germination period is 10~12 °C, the temperature required for the flower bud differentiation period is higher, and the optimum temperature is 25~30 °C. If the temperature is lower than 14 °C, the normal flowering of the grape will be affected. The suitable temperature for maturity is 28~32 °C, and the temperature will be less than 15 °C. For areas with low winter temperatures, care should be taken to prevent freezing damage during wintering of the grapes. In particular, the roots of the grapes are poor in cold tolerance. Generally, some varieties can be frozen at around -10 °C, and attention should be paid to protection. In order to improve the anti-freezing ability of the grapes, the commonly used cold-tolerant varieties or wild mountain grapes are used as rootstocks for grafting.

Grapes are like dry and wet plants, and the annual rainfall is generally suitable for the development of grapes in the 600-800 mm area. However, in the main grape producing areas of China, the rainy season is mostly concentrated between summer and autumn. At this time, the temperature is high, and most fruits enter the ripening stage of berries, which may cause cracking or other diseases and reduce the yield and quality of the grapes. The areas with small rainfall, irrigated conditions and deep soil layers are more suitable for the cultivation of grapes, such as Turpan and the Loess Plateau in China.

Grapes have strong adaptability to the soil. Except for salt soil with high salt content, it can grow on various soils and grow normally on semi-weathered coarse soil with more gravel. Although the adaptability of grapes is strong, the adaptability of different varieties to soil pH is significantly different. Generally, European varieties grow better on calcareous soils, and the roots are developed. The fruit has high sugar content and good flavor. The soil grows poorly; while the American and European and American hybrids are more suitable for acidic soils, and the growth on calcareous soils is slightly worse. In addition, due to the ventilation and light transmission, the hillsides are often more productive and of better quality than the grapes in the plain areas.

(2) Nutritional characteristics of grapes 1. Root characteristics of grapes Grapes are vine fruit trees with strong growth, strong polarity, rapid growth of vegetative organs and more developed root systems. The roots of the grapes differ in their distribution methods, and the distribution of the roots is somewhat different. Generally, the plants that are propagated by cuttings have no main roots, only the thick backbone roots and the lateral roots and fine roots. In the deep soil, the roots of the grapes are widely distributed, which can be as deep as 2~3 meters, so they have certain Drought tolerance. The roots of the grapes are fleshy roots that store large amounts of nutrients. When the soil temperature is suitable, the shoots have not germinated, and the roots of the grapes have begun to absorb nutrients and water, causing the wounds to appear in the fresh cuts of the branches. Generally, the roots of the grapes have a rooting peak in spring, summer and autumn within one year. When the soil temperature is suitable, the roots can grow on an annual basis without a dormant period.

2. Nutritional characteristics of grapes Grapes have a commonality with nutrients compared to other fruit trees. For example, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron and other nutrients are required, but they also have their own characteristics.

Grapes have good early high-yield performance. Generally, if the soil is more fertile, the fruit will bloom in the second year of planting, and the third year will enter the high-yield period. Because the grapes are deep-rooted plants, there are no main roots, mainly a large number of lateral roots. In order to make the grapes enter the high-yield period, promoting the formation of the more developed roots is the key to early fertilization. The results of the survey indicate that deep fertilization and soil improvement before planting and increasing the nutrient content in the middle and deep soil layers are the key to fertilization.

Studies have shown that for every 100 kilograms of fruit produced, the vines need to absorb 0.3 to 0.6 kilograms of nitrogen, 0.1 to 0.3 kilograms of phosphorus pentoxide, and 0.3 to 0.65 kilograms of potassium from the soil.

Second, the grape fertilization technology applies more organic fertilizer, fertilizes the soil, improves the soil conditions for vine growth, and lays a good foundation for sustained high yield and quality.

(I) Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen is one of the nutrients required for grape. Each 100 kg of grape berry absorbs about 0.3-0.6 kg of nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizer has a great influence on the growth and development of vines. Appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer in a certain range can increase the number of branches and leaves of vines, enhance the tree potential of the grapes, coordinate the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree, promote the germination of the secondary shoots, and play a role in flowering and fruiting to increase yield. However, if the application of nitrogen fertilizer is excessive, it will cause the branches to grow slightly, resulting in a large number of fruit drop, causing a decrease in yield, and also causing a decrease in the degree of lignification of the new shoots and roots, and affecting the ability to overwinter.

Due to the loss of nutrients and the fixation of the soil, some of the fertilizer cannot be absorbed and utilized by the roots. Therefore, in production, the annual nitrogen fertilizer application rate per 667 m 2 is generally 12 to 18 kg. Fertilization should be based on base fertilizer, accounting for 40% to 60% of the annual application. The application time is preferably applied immediately after fruit picking. At this time, the second growth peak of the root system is not finished yet, and the leaves have not fallen off. After the application, a part of the fertilizer can be absorbed by the roots, and the metabolism is involved, and a large amount of organic nutrition is synthesized. It increases the nutrient storage of the tree and has a significant effect on restoring the tree potential and promoting the differentiation of flower buds. The application of top dressing is generally carried out in four periods including before germination, before flowering, after flowering, and at the beginning of berry coloration. 1 Topdressing nitrogen fertilizer before germination is mainly for vines without application of base fertilizer, which promotes the development of branches and flowers and enlarges the leaf area. 2 For vines with more spikes, apply nitrogen fertilizer and apply a certain amount of phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer before flowering, which can increase the ear and reduce the effect of falling flowers. The dosage is about 1/5 of the annual application rate. 3 After flowering, when the fruit is like the size of mung bean, the application of nitrogen fertilizer can promote fruit development and coordinate the growth of branches and leaves. The dosage depends on the growth. When the growth is relatively strong, the dosage should be less; when the growth is poor, the application should be large. some. It is generally 1/10 to 1/5 of the annual application rate. 4 In the early stage of fruit coloring, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be appropriately applied and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers can be added to promote the rapid increase of berries and the increase of sugar content, increase the color of the fruit, improve the internal and external quality of the fruit, and apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer mainly. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is about 1/10 of the annual application rate.

(II) Application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers The vines require less phosphorus. Generally, about 0.1 to 0.3 kilograms of phosphorus is needed for every 100 kilograms of berries produced. Due to factors such as soil fixation, the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is lower, and the amount of fertilizer used in actual fertilization is higher than the above amount. Generally, the annual application of phosphorus fertilizer in vineyards is 210~15 kg per 667 meters. Phosphorus pentoxide is equivalent to 70-110 kg of superphosphate containing 14% phosphorus. Phosphate fertilizer is mainly used as base fertilizer in application, generally accounting for 60%~70% of the annual application rate. It should be applied as soon as possible after fruit harvesting, because the second growth peak of grape root system is not finished yet, and the applied phosphate fertilizer is absorbed by grape. After that, it participates in metabolism, manufactures and synthesizes a large amount of organic nutrients, and increases the nutrient storage of the tree. It can restore the tree potential, promote the differentiation of flower buds, and improve the anti-freezing ability of the grapes. The rest of the phosphate fertilizer is used as top dressing. In the early flowering stage and the beginning of the young fruit, the initial stage of berry coloring is combined with the application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. The amount of phosphorus applied in the early stage of berry coloring should account for 1/5 of the annual application of phosphorus fertilizer, and the other two phases account for 1 /10 or so.

Grapes require a higher amount of potassium, and the amount of potassium absorbed per 100 kilograms of grape berry is 0.3 to 0.65 kilograms. Ample potassium supply increases the sugar content of the grapes and promotes the coloration of the berries. Generally, the annual potassium application rate of the high-yield vineyard is 215~22 kg of potassium oxide per 667 m, which is equivalent to 50-44 kg of potassium sulfate containing 50% potassium. Potassium fertilizer is mainly based on base fertilizer, accounting for about 1/3 of the annual application rate. The application of berry is mainly in the early stage of berry coloring, accounting for 1/3 of the annual application rate, and the amount of application in the other two periods is about 1/6. Pay attention to the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers when applying.

(III) Application of boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, etc. Grape edible boron fertilizer can improve the fruit setting rate of grapes, improve the nutritional status of grapes and increase the yield. In the case of boron-deficient soil, borax can be applied in an amount of 0.5 to 1.0 kg per 667 m 2 orchard when the base fertilizer is applied in the autumn. It is also possible to apply a 0.05% to 0.1% aqueous solution of borax before flowering.

When the grape is deficient in zinc, the leaves become smaller, the new shoots become shorter, and a large number of seedless small fruits are formed in the ear, and the yield is significantly decreased. Method for preventing zinc deficiency in grapes: use a zinc sulfate solution with a concentration of 10% to apply a cut after winter shearing; 0.2% to 0.3% zinc sulfate solution can be used for 2~3 weeks before flowering and 3~5 after flowering. Spray once a week. For grapes that have been deficient in zinc, they should be sprayed with 0.2% to 0.3% zinc sulphate solution. It is usually sprayed 2 or 3 times at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks.

On calcareous soils and on other soils with less effective iron, grapes are also prone to yellowing of iron-deficient leaves. The occurrence of yellowing not only affects the growth of grapes, but also affects the yield and quality of grapes. Since ferrous sulfate is quickly converted into a form that fruit trees cannot absorb after being applied to the soil, the effect of applying ferrous sulfate alone is poor. The best method is to apply iron chelate, and the effect of Fe-EDDHA is better. it is good. But it is not easy to buy, and the price is high. A more effective method is to mix ferrous sulfate with cake fertilizer (bean cake, peanut cake, cottonseed cake) and ammonium sulfate in a weight ratio of 1:4:1 and apply it to the soil layer with more fine roots of grape, before spring germination. The effect of the application is better. It is also possible to spray 0.3% ferrous sulfate and 0.5% aqueous urea solution during the growth of the grapes, but the effective period is short and it takes 1 to 2 weeks to spray once.

(4) Grape fertilization method and time The time for applying the base fertilizer to the grape is best carried out immediately after the fruit is harvested. If it is not applied in time, it can also be carried out in the dormant period of the grape. The fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, according to the tree potential. A certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied. If the tree is too strong, the nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied, and the tree should be weakly applied. The method of applying the base fertilizer is mostly applied along the vine row on one side, and the attention should not be too close to the tree, so as to avoid the excessive root damage affecting the growth of the grape.

Grapes need more nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. They need to be replenished in time during the growth of grapes. When using nitrogen and potassium fertilizers as top dressings, they are usually applied in shallow ditch. The time of fertilization is the period of bud enlargement, pre-flowering, and flowering after flowering. The period, the beginning of the grape berry coloring.
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