The deep application technique of chemical fertilizer is to apply the chemical fertilizer quantitatively and evenly to the dense parts of the roots of the crops below the surface, so as to ensure the full absorption of the crops, and at the same time significantly reduce the volatilization and loss of the active components of the fertilizers, so as to fully utilize the fertilizer efficiency and the fertilizer production. The purpose.
The application of chemical fertilizer deep application technology in large-scale application of agricultural production is difficult to achieve by traditional means. The specialized operation machinery can realize deep application of chemical fertilizer.
First, the advantages of chemical fertilizer deep application mechanization technology
(1) Improve the utilization rate of fertilizers. The deep application of chemical fertilizer can reduce the loss and waste of chemical fertilizer. According to the isotope tracking test of the Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the utilization rate of nitrogen on the surface of the 6-10 cm soil layer below the surface of the deep-water application of ammonium bicarbonate and urea can be From 27% and 37% to 58% and 50% respectively, the utilization rate of the deep application was increased by 115% and 35%. After a large area of ​​application of chemical fertilizers deep application of mechanization technology, the average utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer can be increased from 30% to more than 40%. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and deep application can reduce the loss of wind erosion, promote crop absorption and prolong fertilizer efficiency, and improve fertilizer utilization.
(2) Increase crop yield. Deep application of chemical fertilizer can promote root development, enhance crops' ability to absorb nutrients, water and drought, and is conducive to plant growth, thereby increasing crop yield. The results of comparative tests show that under the same conditions, the application of wheat and corn in the deep application can increase the yield by 225-675kg/hm2, the cotton (leather) can increase the yield by 75-120kg/hm2, and the soybean yield can increase by 225-375kg/hm2. The average range is between 5% and 15%.
(3) Mechanical operation can ensure the isolation of seeds and fertilizers and avoid burning phenomenon. When the fertilizer is mixed with the bed, the chemical fertilizer is directly in contact with the seed, and it is easy to corrode the seed and seedling roots, and the phenomenon of burning seedlings occurs. The mechanical deep application can apply the chemical fertilizer to the seeding 3-6cm, the seed side 4-5cm, so that there is a 3cm soil isolation layer between the seed and the fertilizer, avoiding the burning, which is beneficial to the seedling and the production increase has a foundation.
(4) Mechanical fertilization has high work efficiency, low labor intensity and obvious effect of saving money. The hourly productivity of the machine is generally higher than 0.33 to 0.67hm2, and the efficiency is 10 to 20 times higher than that of manual operation. The efficiency of human and animal deep fertilization equipment can be increased by 3-5 times compared with manual operation, which greatly reduces labor. The strength saves the labor for fertilization and reduces the operating cost.
In addition, the extensive application of chemical fertilizer deep mechanization technology can also effectively reduce the pollution of chemical fertilizers to the environment.
In summary, the deep application of chemical fertilizer technology has significant cost-effectiveness and efficiency, and it is a key agricultural machinery application technology promoted by China.
Second, the implementation of chemical fertilizer deep application technology
l. Deep fertilizer
The deep fertilizer application should be combined with the soil tillage operation. At present, there are two methods for deep application of bottom fertilizer. One is to first plow and then to plow, and the other is to apply fertilizer to the furrow while ploughing. The second method is better.
(1) The deep application method of first ploughing and ploughing should first shorten the time when the fertilizer is exposed to the surface, especially for the chemical fertilizer which is volatile in the air such as ammonium bicarbonate, and to be buried with the fertilizer Into the soil, this kind of fertilization method can be installed with a spreader before the plow, or a special spreader can be used. The fertilizer bandwidth is basically the same as the rear plowing.
The operation requirements of first ploughing and ploughing are as follows: the fertilizer is applied evenly, and the application amount is in line with the agronomic requirements of crop cultivation. After ploughing, the fertilizer is buried in the soil with a depth of more than 6 cm, and there is no visible particles on the surface.
(2) The method of ploughing and fertilizing can basically achieve the synchronization of ploughing and fertilizing operations, avoiding the volatilization loss caused by the open fertilizer of the fertilizer, generally transforming the existing ploughing plough, increasing the fertilizer discharging device, usually the fertilizer discharging conduit Installed behind the ploughshare, the fertilizer is applied to the surface of the rake or the bottom of the furrow as the ploughshare is turned over (adjusted according to the local agronomic requirements), and then the ploughshare is covered and turned over to achieve the purpose of deep fertilization. Many places are used to calling this method. Fertilize the furrow.
The requirements of the bottoming and ploughing of the bottom fertilizer are as follows: the depth of fertilization is more than 6cm, the width of the fertilizer belt is 3-5cm, the fertilizer is even and continuous, and there is no obvious broken strip, and the amount of fertilizer meets the agronomic requirements of crop cultivation.
2. Deep application
The fertilizer must be applied deep at the time of sowing, which can be done by installing a fertilizer tank and a fertilizer discharge device on the planter. The requirements for the implements are not only to strictly guarantee the amount of fertilizer, seeding, depth, plant spacing and row spacing according to the agronomic requirements, but also to form a soil thickness of a certain thickness (generally above 3 cm) between the seeds and the fertilizer. To meet the demand for nutrients in the growth of crops, and to avoid the phenomenon of burning and burning of mixed fertilizers. The application of this technology requires high soil treatment of the field, and it should be ensured that the soil has the same depth of ploughing and no ploughing, so that the soil is broken and the soil is ineffective.
According to the position of fertilization and seeds, there are two types of lateral deep application and deep deep application (commonly known as fertilizer and seed layering). The technical requirements are as follows:
(1) Deep application of fertilizer in the lateral position: the fertilizer is applied to the side of the seed, the wheat seed fertilizer is generally 2.5 to 4 cm on the side and the bottom of the seed, the depth of the corn seed fertilizer is generally 5.5 cm, and the width of the fertilizer belt is preferably above 3 cm. The fat strip is even and continuous, and there is no obvious broken strip and leakage.
(2) Deep application of seed fertilizer: The seed fertilizer is applied directly under the seed bed. The soil separation layer between the fertilizer layer and the seed is more than 3cm, and the seed and fertilizer are uniform in depth, the fat strip is even and continuous, and the width of the fertilizer belt is slightly larger than Seeding width.
It should be noted that when the fertilizer is applied to the soil at the same time as the seeding, the distance between the seed and the fertilizer should be determined according to the type of fertilizer and the amount of application, and the seed and the fertilizer should be prevented from being burnt.
3. Topdressing
According to the agronomic requirements of the topdressing application, depth and location, the use of topdressing equipment, one machine to complete the topdressing, fertilizer, soil and repression, and other multi-process topdressing operations, relative to artificial surface application and hand tools deep pursuit, can Significantly improve the utilization rate of fertilizers and work efficiency, top dressing machines must have good inter-row performance, no significant adverse effects on crop growth (such as roots, wounds and lodging). The depth of top dressing (based on the intersection of the crop plant and the ground) should be 6-10 cm. The top dressing site should be in the crop
Between 10 and 20cm on both sides of the plant line (depending on the crop variety), the width of the fertilizer belt is more than 3cm, no obvious broken strips, and the coverage is strict after fertilization.
Third, the requirements of chemical fertilizers for deep application of work tools
(1) Machine performance requirements
The deep fertilizer application equipment should meet the agronomic requirements, the depth of fertilization (≥6cm), and the device with adjustable fertilization amount. The fertilizer discharge device has high reliability, there should be no broken strip during operation, the width of the fertilizer belt varies ≤1cm, single season Work replacement or fault repair shall not exceed 1 time/set (piece, group).
(B) deep fertilizer operations should meet the following requirements
(1) The rate of broken fertilizer is <3%.
(2) Article uniformity fertilizer: ammonium bicarbonate was 20% to 30% urea granular fertilizer of 20% to 25%. Among them, the variation coefficient of uniformity of deep fertilizer application is ≤60%; the coefficient of variation of uniform application of fertilizer for deep application is ≤40%; the variation coefficient of uniformity of cultivating deep application of fertilizer is ≤40%.
(3) the rows displacement consistency coefficient of variation should be ≤13%.
(4) The soil coverage rate of fertilizer should reach 100%, and the fertilizer and topdressing operations should ensure the compaction.
(5) The accuracy of fertilization position is ≥70%.
(6) The injury rate of cultivating deep-seeking and fertilizing operations is <3%.
(7) The reliability coefficient of use of various machines should be ≥90%.
Fourth, mechanical deep application of chemical fertilizers
1. The operator must undergo special technical training before carrying out the work, so as to be familiar with the operation points of the deep application technology of the fertilizer and master the operation and use technology of the machine, and can adjust the machine tool and remove the malfunction in the operation of the machine tool according to the requirements.
2. Before the deep application, check the technical condition of the machine, and check whether the joint parts of the fertilizing machine or the device are tight, whether the lubrication condition is good, and whether the rotating part is flexible.
3. Adjust the amount, depth and width of the fertilizer to make the machine meet the agronomic requirements. When adjusting, the amount of chemical fertilizer in the fertilizer tank should account for more than l/4 of the volume, and the fertilizing machine or device is placed in a horizontal state, and then the ground wheel is rotated according to the actual working speed, and the number of revolutions is equivalent to the traveling length of 50m. According to the conversion, the fertilizer is taken and weighed at each fertilizer outlet, and the amount of fertilizer per unit area is calculated according to the following formula.
Where q is the amount of fertilizer applied (kg / hm2);
q the average number of total displacements (g);
d a ground wheel diameter (m);
n the number of turns of the ground wheel;
A—average line spacing (m);
M—the number of fertilizer discharge devices;
Δ—slip coefficient.
After determining the fertilization amount, the machine will enter the ground to carry out the actual operation test. When the machine is stable in the soil, the width and the number of observation points are selected according to the situation. The measurement bandwidth of the fertilizer belt in the section and the shortest distance between the fertilizer and the surface and the seed (plant) are obtained. If the multi-point test meets the requirements, it can be put into normal fertilization operation.
4. To properly apply chemical fertilizers during operations, the following basic principles should be followed:
(1) Choosing the right fertilizer variety
According to the soil conditions and the fertilizer characteristics of the crops, select the fertilizer varieties, determine the reasonable fertilization process (such as the ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing, the number of top dressings and the amount of topdressing), in order to give full play to the fertilizer effect (such as nitrate fertilizer should be avoided) Application on paddy fields to prevent loss of nitrogen due to nitrification and denitrification).
(2) Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer
The application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers complements the needs of crops for nutrients in each period. By applying organic fertilizer, the adverse effects of single application of chemical fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties are avoided, and the soil fertility and fertilization capacity are improved. There are two methods for the application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. One is organic fertilizer as base fertilizer, chemical fertilizer is used as top dressing or seed fertilizer application; the other method is direct application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. It should be noted that chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers can not be mixed arbitrarily, some can improve fertilizer efficiency after mixing, and some will reduce fertilizer efficiency, such as nitrate nitrogen fertilizer (such as ammonium nitrate) and unfertilized compost, manure or fresh straw mixed heap. Hey, under anaerobic conditions, due to denitrification, it is easy to cause nitrate nitrogen to turn off and lose nutrients.
(3) Do a good job of fertilization according to the amount of fertilizer applied and the appropriate proportion of various nutrients
Fertilization is not only to obtain higher yield, but also to have higher economic benefits. To this end, the appropriate amount of fertilization and various nutrients should be determined according to specific conditions such as soil conditions, crop types, fertilizer varieties and fertilization methods. The high yield and stable yield of crops require the coordinated supply of various nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The application of a single chemical fertilizer often fails to meet the needs of crop production and development. According to the current distribution of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in China, the north should pay attention to the mixed application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and the south should do the mixed application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
In addition, according to the agronomic requirements and chemical fertilizer characteristics, determine the application season of fertilizer, fertilization sites (such as deep application in the lateral position, deep application in the positive position), fertilization methods (such as concentrated application, root application), etc., in order to improve the utilization of chemical fertilizers. Rate creates conditions.
5. Fertilizer deep application equipment
1, the bottom fertilizer deep application machine
(1) Plow bottom fertilizer applicator
It is used in various existing ploughing and rotary tillage machines, adding fertilizer boxes, fertilizer discharge devices, transmission mechanisms and fertilizer pipes. When plowing or rotary tilling operations, the fertilizer is applied to the bottom of the furrow or the tillage layer. A combined joint work tool in the middle. When the fertilization operation is not performed, the fertilizing device is removed, and the use of the original machine is not affected. This kind of fertilizer spreader is more popular with users, and it has more models, such as: 1lf-124 type single-fertilization plough produced by the agricultural machinery factory of Hangjinhouqi, Inner Mongolia, China.
(2) ridge body fertilizer applicator
The ridge body fertilizer applicator is a joint operation type, which can apply granulated fertilizer such as urea to the ridge body in two layers when the ridge cultivation of corn and other ridge crops is carried out. The two layers of fertilizer are separated by 5-8 cm soil layers. Fertilizers play a role in different periods of crop growth. The upper layer of fertilizer mainly acts as a seed fertilizer, and the lower layer of fertilizer mainly acts as a base fertilizer. Therefore, this type of fertilizer application machine is a type of machine that has both a fertilizer fertiliser and a bottom fertilizer application machine.
The deep-drawing machine matched with the large tractor has a 1lz-770b suspended ridge for the seven-plow plough. Its fertilization depth is 8-13cm from the ridge top and the second layer is 13-18cm from the ridge. The machine is an outer trough type. Fertilization structure, the amount of fertilizer per square hectare can be adjusted within the range of 75-600kg, and the operation per hour is l.3~1.7hm2. The machine is produced by Heilongjiang Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory in Heilongjiang Province. The 3ls3 plow bottom fertilizer applicator is equipped with a 36kw medium-sized tractor. The fertilizer discharge device is a spiral auger forced type, and the fertilizer is applied to the plow bottom. The fertilizer output per square hectare is from 1.7 to 6.7kg, and the working efficiency is 0.2-0.5 per hour. Hm2, the aircraft is manufactured by Yanqiao Agricultural Machinery Station, Huantai County, Shandong Province.
The machine matched with the small tractor has 2fld-2g type fertilizer deep application machine and 1ld-220 type multi-purpose plow. The former can operate about 0.13hm2 per hour, which is manufactured by the agricultural machine factory of Kaifeng Hongda Company of Henan Province; the latter is from Mengcheng, Anhui Province. County agricultural machinery promotion station developed and produced, the productivity is about 0.13hm2.
2. Fertilizer
The fertilizer application machine is usually a fertilizing planter. In a rack and transmission mechanism, two sets of mechanisms are arranged side by side. One set of seeding and one set of fertilization can be fertilized at the same time of sowing. It is the most widely used in fertilizer deep travel equipment. The model with the largest number of joint work models. Some models use precision and semi-precision seed metering devices, and the synergy effect is obvious. Some models are also equipped with membranes and other mechanisms, and more joint operations. Different fertilization positions can be divided into two types: positive fertilization and lateral fertilization according to the fertilizing planter.
(1) Orthotopic fertilizing planter
The openers of this type are generally arranged in two rows, the front row opener is fertilized, the rear row opener is sowed, the two rows of openers are in the same longitudinal plane in the forward direction, and the fertiliser opener has a deep working depth. The fertilizer is placed directly below the seed, and there is a 3.5-5.0 cm soil layer between the seed fertilizers, so some models are also called seed fertilizer layerer. Common models include: 2bf series seed fertilizer layered sowing and fertilizing machine produced by Agricultural Machinery Plant of Qingkou County, Inner Mongolia, 2bg-120a grain dip machine produced by Inner Mongolia Shangdu Muji Plant, 2bt-2 produced by Hailar Pastor Factory of Inner Mongolia Type soybean fine sowing fertilizer machine, etc.
(2) Lateral fertilizing planter
The structure of the lateral fertilization planter is basically the same as that of the ortho-position fertilizer planter, except that its fertiliser opener is not on the same line as the seeding opener, but on both sides of the seeding opener, the fertilizer is applied to the seed. On the side, it is mostly used for sowing and fertilizing crops with wide row spacing of corn, soybeans, sorghum and cotton. Common models include: 2bq-3/6 air suction type fertilization and seeding machine produced by Inner Mongolia Tongliao Machinery Factory, 2bp-2 type fertilization film planter produced by Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Machinery Factory, and Xi'an Rotary Seeding Machine Factory Xbfl-4/8 type rotary fertilizer applicator, lfbj-6 type ridge tillage and fertilization machine produced by Heilongjiang Helen Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory, 2bx-9 wheat semi-precision planter produced by Shandong Weinan Planter Factory Wait.
3. Top dressing machine
The top dressing machine is a machine for fertilizing in the middle and late stages of crop growth. The fertilizer applied is mainly quick-acting fertilizer such as urea, and some models can also apply ammonium bicarbonate.
(1) Cultivating fertilizer machine
It is a single-fertilization (seeding) machine equipped with a medium-cultivation sowing machine or a cultivator hanging frame. It can be pulled by a tractor or equipped with a small power machine for self-propelled, and inter-row or plant side deep fertilization.
(2) Manual top dressing machine
Because the topdressing period is the middle and late stage of crop growth, the plant is tall and restricts the operation of mechanical topdressing. In recent years, in response to this contradiction, various localized topdressing machines have been developed, and solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer can be separately applied.
Commonly used models are: 3zf-4.2 cultivating fertilizer machine produced by Xinjiang Kuitun Wuwu Agricultural Machinery Factory, 3zfx-4 type cultivating fertilizer machine produced by Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Machine Factory, and 2upd-2 type paddy field urea developed by Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Point deep into the machine. The manual models include: 2bf-1d dry field fertilizer deep application device produced by Jiangsu Gaoyou Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd., Tianzhuo 2f-90 fertilizer deep application device produced by Jingmen Tianren Development Company of Hubei Province, and Gansu Province multi-purpose fattening gun The company produces lyj series of fattening guns.
The application of chemical fertilizer deep application technology in large-scale application of agricultural production is difficult to achieve by traditional means. The specialized operation machinery can realize deep application of chemical fertilizer.
First, the advantages of chemical fertilizer deep application mechanization technology
(1) Improve the utilization rate of fertilizers. The deep application of chemical fertilizer can reduce the loss and waste of chemical fertilizer. According to the isotope tracking test of the Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the utilization rate of nitrogen on the surface of the 6-10 cm soil layer below the surface of the deep-water application of ammonium bicarbonate and urea can be From 27% and 37% to 58% and 50% respectively, the utilization rate of the deep application was increased by 115% and 35%. After a large area of ​​application of chemical fertilizers deep application of mechanization technology, the average utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer can be increased from 30% to more than 40%. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and deep application can reduce the loss of wind erosion, promote crop absorption and prolong fertilizer efficiency, and improve fertilizer utilization.
(2) Increase crop yield. Deep application of chemical fertilizer can promote root development, enhance crops' ability to absorb nutrients, water and drought, and is conducive to plant growth, thereby increasing crop yield. The results of comparative tests show that under the same conditions, the application of wheat and corn in the deep application can increase the yield by 225-675kg/hm2, the cotton (leather) can increase the yield by 75-120kg/hm2, and the soybean yield can increase by 225-375kg/hm2. The average range is between 5% and 15%.
(3) Mechanical operation can ensure the isolation of seeds and fertilizers and avoid burning phenomenon. When the fertilizer is mixed with the bed, the chemical fertilizer is directly in contact with the seed, and it is easy to corrode the seed and seedling roots, and the phenomenon of burning seedlings occurs. The mechanical deep application can apply the chemical fertilizer to the seeding 3-6cm, the seed side 4-5cm, so that there is a 3cm soil isolation layer between the seed and the fertilizer, avoiding the burning, which is beneficial to the seedling and the production increase has a foundation.
(4) Mechanical fertilization has high work efficiency, low labor intensity and obvious effect of saving money. The hourly productivity of the machine is generally higher than 0.33 to 0.67hm2, and the efficiency is 10 to 20 times higher than that of manual operation. The efficiency of human and animal deep fertilization equipment can be increased by 3-5 times compared with manual operation, which greatly reduces labor. The strength saves the labor for fertilization and reduces the operating cost.
In addition, the extensive application of chemical fertilizer deep mechanization technology can also effectively reduce the pollution of chemical fertilizers to the environment.
In summary, the deep application of chemical fertilizer technology has significant cost-effectiveness and efficiency, and it is a key agricultural machinery application technology promoted by China.
Second, the implementation of chemical fertilizer deep application technology
l. Deep fertilizer
The deep fertilizer application should be combined with the soil tillage operation. At present, there are two methods for deep application of bottom fertilizer. One is to first plow and then to plow, and the other is to apply fertilizer to the furrow while ploughing. The second method is better.
(1) The deep application method of first ploughing and ploughing should first shorten the time when the fertilizer is exposed to the surface, especially for the chemical fertilizer which is volatile in the air such as ammonium bicarbonate, and to be buried with the fertilizer Into the soil, this kind of fertilization method can be installed with a spreader before the plow, or a special spreader can be used. The fertilizer bandwidth is basically the same as the rear plowing.
The operation requirements of first ploughing and ploughing are as follows: the fertilizer is applied evenly, and the application amount is in line with the agronomic requirements of crop cultivation. After ploughing, the fertilizer is buried in the soil with a depth of more than 6 cm, and there is no visible particles on the surface.
(2) The method of ploughing and fertilizing can basically achieve the synchronization of ploughing and fertilizing operations, avoiding the volatilization loss caused by the open fertilizer of the fertilizer, generally transforming the existing ploughing plough, increasing the fertilizer discharging device, usually the fertilizer discharging conduit Installed behind the ploughshare, the fertilizer is applied to the surface of the rake or the bottom of the furrow as the ploughshare is turned over (adjusted according to the local agronomic requirements), and then the ploughshare is covered and turned over to achieve the purpose of deep fertilization. Many places are used to calling this method. Fertilize the furrow.
The requirements of the bottoming and ploughing of the bottom fertilizer are as follows: the depth of fertilization is more than 6cm, the width of the fertilizer belt is 3-5cm, the fertilizer is even and continuous, and there is no obvious broken strip, and the amount of fertilizer meets the agronomic requirements of crop cultivation.
2. Deep application
The fertilizer must be applied deep at the time of sowing, which can be done by installing a fertilizer tank and a fertilizer discharge device on the planter. The requirements for the implements are not only to strictly guarantee the amount of fertilizer, seeding, depth, plant spacing and row spacing according to the agronomic requirements, but also to form a soil thickness of a certain thickness (generally above 3 cm) between the seeds and the fertilizer. To meet the demand for nutrients in the growth of crops, and to avoid the phenomenon of burning and burning of mixed fertilizers. The application of this technology requires high soil treatment of the field, and it should be ensured that the soil has the same depth of ploughing and no ploughing, so that the soil is broken and the soil is ineffective.
According to the position of fertilization and seeds, there are two types of lateral deep application and deep deep application (commonly known as fertilizer and seed layering). The technical requirements are as follows:
(1) Deep application of fertilizer in the lateral position: the fertilizer is applied to the side of the seed, the wheat seed fertilizer is generally 2.5 to 4 cm on the side and the bottom of the seed, the depth of the corn seed fertilizer is generally 5.5 cm, and the width of the fertilizer belt is preferably above 3 cm. The fat strip is even and continuous, and there is no obvious broken strip and leakage.
(2) Deep application of seed fertilizer: The seed fertilizer is applied directly under the seed bed. The soil separation layer between the fertilizer layer and the seed is more than 3cm, and the seed and fertilizer are uniform in depth, the fat strip is even and continuous, and the width of the fertilizer belt is slightly larger than Seeding width.
It should be noted that when the fertilizer is applied to the soil at the same time as the seeding, the distance between the seed and the fertilizer should be determined according to the type of fertilizer and the amount of application, and the seed and the fertilizer should be prevented from being burnt.
3. Topdressing
According to the agronomic requirements of the topdressing application, depth and location, the use of topdressing equipment, one machine to complete the topdressing, fertilizer, soil and repression, and other multi-process topdressing operations, relative to artificial surface application and hand tools deep pursuit, can Significantly improve the utilization rate of fertilizers and work efficiency, top dressing machines must have good inter-row performance, no significant adverse effects on crop growth (such as roots, wounds and lodging). The depth of top dressing (based on the intersection of the crop plant and the ground) should be 6-10 cm. The top dressing site should be in the crop
Between 10 and 20cm on both sides of the plant line (depending on the crop variety), the width of the fertilizer belt is more than 3cm, no obvious broken strips, and the coverage is strict after fertilization.
Third, the requirements of chemical fertilizers for deep application of work tools
(1) Machine performance requirements
The deep fertilizer application equipment should meet the agronomic requirements, the depth of fertilization (≥6cm), and the device with adjustable fertilization amount. The fertilizer discharge device has high reliability, there should be no broken strip during operation, the width of the fertilizer belt varies ≤1cm, single season Work replacement or fault repair shall not exceed 1 time/set (piece, group).
(B) deep fertilizer operations should meet the following requirements
(1) The rate of broken fertilizer is <3%.
(2) Article uniformity fertilizer: ammonium bicarbonate was 20% to 30% urea granular fertilizer of 20% to 25%. Among them, the variation coefficient of uniformity of deep fertilizer application is ≤60%; the coefficient of variation of uniform application of fertilizer for deep application is ≤40%; the variation coefficient of uniformity of cultivating deep application of fertilizer is ≤40%.
(3) the rows displacement consistency coefficient of variation should be ≤13%.
(4) The soil coverage rate of fertilizer should reach 100%, and the fertilizer and topdressing operations should ensure the compaction.
(5) The accuracy of fertilization position is ≥70%.
(6) The injury rate of cultivating deep-seeking and fertilizing operations is <3%.
(7) The reliability coefficient of use of various machines should be ≥90%.
Fourth, mechanical deep application of chemical fertilizers
1. The operator must undergo special technical training before carrying out the work, so as to be familiar with the operation points of the deep application technology of the fertilizer and master the operation and use technology of the machine, and can adjust the machine tool and remove the malfunction in the operation of the machine tool according to the requirements.
2. Before the deep application, check the technical condition of the machine, and check whether the joint parts of the fertilizing machine or the device are tight, whether the lubrication condition is good, and whether the rotating part is flexible.
3. Adjust the amount, depth and width of the fertilizer to make the machine meet the agronomic requirements. When adjusting, the amount of chemical fertilizer in the fertilizer tank should account for more than l/4 of the volume, and the fertilizing machine or device is placed in a horizontal state, and then the ground wheel is rotated according to the actual working speed, and the number of revolutions is equivalent to the traveling length of 50m. According to the conversion, the fertilizer is taken and weighed at each fertilizer outlet, and the amount of fertilizer per unit area is calculated according to the following formula.
Where q is the amount of fertilizer applied (kg / hm2);
q the average number of total displacements (g);
d a ground wheel diameter (m);
n the number of turns of the ground wheel;
A—average line spacing (m);
M—the number of fertilizer discharge devices;
Δ—slip coefficient.
After determining the fertilization amount, the machine will enter the ground to carry out the actual operation test. When the machine is stable in the soil, the width and the number of observation points are selected according to the situation. The measurement bandwidth of the fertilizer belt in the section and the shortest distance between the fertilizer and the surface and the seed (plant) are obtained. If the multi-point test meets the requirements, it can be put into normal fertilization operation.
4. To properly apply chemical fertilizers during operations, the following basic principles should be followed:
(1) Choosing the right fertilizer variety
According to the soil conditions and the fertilizer characteristics of the crops, select the fertilizer varieties, determine the reasonable fertilization process (such as the ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing, the number of top dressings and the amount of topdressing), in order to give full play to the fertilizer effect (such as nitrate fertilizer should be avoided) Application on paddy fields to prevent loss of nitrogen due to nitrification and denitrification).
(2) Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer
The application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers complements the needs of crops for nutrients in each period. By applying organic fertilizer, the adverse effects of single application of chemical fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties are avoided, and the soil fertility and fertilization capacity are improved. There are two methods for the application of chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers. One is organic fertilizer as base fertilizer, chemical fertilizer is used as top dressing or seed fertilizer application; the other method is direct application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. It should be noted that chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers can not be mixed arbitrarily, some can improve fertilizer efficiency after mixing, and some will reduce fertilizer efficiency, such as nitrate nitrogen fertilizer (such as ammonium nitrate) and unfertilized compost, manure or fresh straw mixed heap. Hey, under anaerobic conditions, due to denitrification, it is easy to cause nitrate nitrogen to turn off and lose nutrients.
(3) Do a good job of fertilization according to the amount of fertilizer applied and the appropriate proportion of various nutrients
Fertilization is not only to obtain higher yield, but also to have higher economic benefits. To this end, the appropriate amount of fertilization and various nutrients should be determined according to specific conditions such as soil conditions, crop types, fertilizer varieties and fertilization methods. The high yield and stable yield of crops require the coordinated supply of various nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The application of a single chemical fertilizer often fails to meet the needs of crop production and development. According to the current distribution of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in China, the north should pay attention to the mixed application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and the south should do the mixed application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
In addition, according to the agronomic requirements and chemical fertilizer characteristics, determine the application season of fertilizer, fertilization sites (such as deep application in the lateral position, deep application in the positive position), fertilization methods (such as concentrated application, root application), etc., in order to improve the utilization of chemical fertilizers. Rate creates conditions.
5. Fertilizer deep application equipment
1, the bottom fertilizer deep application machine
(1) Plow bottom fertilizer applicator
It is used in various existing ploughing and rotary tillage machines, adding fertilizer boxes, fertilizer discharge devices, transmission mechanisms and fertilizer pipes. When plowing or rotary tilling operations, the fertilizer is applied to the bottom of the furrow or the tillage layer. A combined joint work tool in the middle. When the fertilization operation is not performed, the fertilizing device is removed, and the use of the original machine is not affected. This kind of fertilizer spreader is more popular with users, and it has more models, such as: 1lf-124 type single-fertilization plough produced by the agricultural machinery factory of Hangjinhouqi, Inner Mongolia, China.
(2) ridge body fertilizer applicator
The ridge body fertilizer applicator is a joint operation type, which can apply granulated fertilizer such as urea to the ridge body in two layers when the ridge cultivation of corn and other ridge crops is carried out. The two layers of fertilizer are separated by 5-8 cm soil layers. Fertilizers play a role in different periods of crop growth. The upper layer of fertilizer mainly acts as a seed fertilizer, and the lower layer of fertilizer mainly acts as a base fertilizer. Therefore, this type of fertilizer application machine is a type of machine that has both a fertilizer fertiliser and a bottom fertilizer application machine.
The deep-drawing machine matched with the large tractor has a 1lz-770b suspended ridge for the seven-plow plough. Its fertilization depth is 8-13cm from the ridge top and the second layer is 13-18cm from the ridge. The machine is an outer trough type. Fertilization structure, the amount of fertilizer per square hectare can be adjusted within the range of 75-600kg, and the operation per hour is l.3~1.7hm2. The machine is produced by Heilongjiang Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory in Heilongjiang Province. The 3ls3 plow bottom fertilizer applicator is equipped with a 36kw medium-sized tractor. The fertilizer discharge device is a spiral auger forced type, and the fertilizer is applied to the plow bottom. The fertilizer output per square hectare is from 1.7 to 6.7kg, and the working efficiency is 0.2-0.5 per hour. Hm2, the aircraft is manufactured by Yanqiao Agricultural Machinery Station, Huantai County, Shandong Province.
The machine matched with the small tractor has 2fld-2g type fertilizer deep application machine and 1ld-220 type multi-purpose plow. The former can operate about 0.13hm2 per hour, which is manufactured by the agricultural machine factory of Kaifeng Hongda Company of Henan Province; the latter is from Mengcheng, Anhui Province. County agricultural machinery promotion station developed and produced, the productivity is about 0.13hm2.
2. Fertilizer
The fertilizer application machine is usually a fertilizing planter. In a rack and transmission mechanism, two sets of mechanisms are arranged side by side. One set of seeding and one set of fertilization can be fertilized at the same time of sowing. It is the most widely used in fertilizer deep travel equipment. The model with the largest number of joint work models. Some models use precision and semi-precision seed metering devices, and the synergy effect is obvious. Some models are also equipped with membranes and other mechanisms, and more joint operations. Different fertilization positions can be divided into two types: positive fertilization and lateral fertilization according to the fertilizing planter.
(1) Orthotopic fertilizing planter
The openers of this type are generally arranged in two rows, the front row opener is fertilized, the rear row opener is sowed, the two rows of openers are in the same longitudinal plane in the forward direction, and the fertiliser opener has a deep working depth. The fertilizer is placed directly below the seed, and there is a 3.5-5.0 cm soil layer between the seed fertilizers, so some models are also called seed fertilizer layerer. Common models include: 2bf series seed fertilizer layered sowing and fertilizing machine produced by Agricultural Machinery Plant of Qingkou County, Inner Mongolia, 2bg-120a grain dip machine produced by Inner Mongolia Shangdu Muji Plant, 2bt-2 produced by Hailar Pastor Factory of Inner Mongolia Type soybean fine sowing fertilizer machine, etc.
(2) Lateral fertilizing planter
The structure of the lateral fertilization planter is basically the same as that of the ortho-position fertilizer planter, except that its fertiliser opener is not on the same line as the seeding opener, but on both sides of the seeding opener, the fertilizer is applied to the seed. On the side, it is mostly used for sowing and fertilizing crops with wide row spacing of corn, soybeans, sorghum and cotton. Common models include: 2bq-3/6 air suction type fertilization and seeding machine produced by Inner Mongolia Tongliao Machinery Factory, 2bp-2 type fertilization film planter produced by Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Machinery Factory, and Xi'an Rotary Seeding Machine Factory Xbfl-4/8 type rotary fertilizer applicator, lfbj-6 type ridge tillage and fertilization machine produced by Heilongjiang Helen Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory, 2bx-9 wheat semi-precision planter produced by Shandong Weinan Planter Factory Wait.
3. Top dressing machine
The top dressing machine is a machine for fertilizing in the middle and late stages of crop growth. The fertilizer applied is mainly quick-acting fertilizer such as urea, and some models can also apply ammonium bicarbonate.
(1) Cultivating fertilizer machine
It is a single-fertilization (seeding) machine equipped with a medium-cultivation sowing machine or a cultivator hanging frame. It can be pulled by a tractor or equipped with a small power machine for self-propelled, and inter-row or plant side deep fertilization.
(2) Manual top dressing machine
Because the topdressing period is the middle and late stage of crop growth, the plant is tall and restricts the operation of mechanical topdressing. In recent years, in response to this contradiction, various localized topdressing machines have been developed, and solid fertilizer and liquid fertilizer can be separately applied.
Commonly used models are: 3zf-4.2 cultivating fertilizer machine produced by Xinjiang Kuitun Wuwu Agricultural Machinery Factory, 3zfx-4 type cultivating fertilizer machine produced by Xinjiang Agricultural Reclamation Machine Factory, and 2upd-2 type paddy field urea developed by Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Point deep into the machine. The manual models include: 2bf-1d dry field fertilizer deep application device produced by Jiangsu Gaoyou Agricultural Machinery Co., Ltd., Tianzhuo 2f-90 fertilizer deep application device produced by Jingmen Tianren Development Company of Hubei Province, and Gansu Province multi-purpose fattening gun The company produces lyj series of fattening guns.
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